The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Theta-Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder associated with disruption in social and occupational function. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) represents a novel approach to PTSD, and intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is a new, more rapid administration protocol with data supporting efficacy in depression. The authors conducted a sham-controlled study of iTBS for PTSD. METHODS: Fifty veterans with PTSD received 10 days of sham-controlled iTBS (1,800 pulses/day), followed by 10 unblinded sessions. Primary outcome measures included acceptability (retention rates), changes in PTSD symptoms (clinician- and self-rated), quality of life, social and occupational function, and depression, obtained at the end of 2 weeks; analysis of variance was used to compare active with sham stimulation. Secondary outcomes were evaluated 1 month after treatment, using mixed-model analyses. Resting-state functional MRI was acquired at pretreatment baseline on an eligible subset of participants (N=26) to identify response predictors. RESULTS: Retention was high, side effects were consistent with standard TMS, and blinding was successful. At 2 weeks, active iTBS was significantly associated with improved social and occupational function (Cohen's d=0.39); depression was improved with iTBS compared with the sham treatment (d=-0.45), but the difference fell short of significance, and moderate nonsignificant effect sizes were observed on self-reported PTSD symptoms (d=-0.34). One-month outcomes, which incorporated data from the unblinded phase of the study, indicated superiority of active iTBS on clinician- and self-rated PTSD symptoms (d=-0.74 and -0.63, respectively), depression (d=-0.47), and social and occupational function (d=0.93) (all significant). Neuroimaging indicated that clinical improvement was significantly predicted by stronger (greater positive) connectivity within the default mode network and by anticorrelated (greater negative) cross-network connectivity. CONCLUSIONS: iTBS appears to be a promising new treatment for PTSD. Most clinical improvements from stimulation occurred early, which suggests a need for further investigation of optimal iTBS time course and duration. Consistent with previous neuroimaging studies of TMS, default mode network connectivity played an important role in response prediction.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Assuming a significance level of 0.05, a mean SOFAS score of 44.6, and a SD of 15, with 50 veterans, we will have 82% power to detect a significant interaction between time and treatment assuming no change over time in the sham-iTBS group and a change of 13 points in the active iTBS group [90].”
From Frontal Pole Neuromodulation for Impulsivity and Suicidality in Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Common Co-Occurring Mental Health Conditions: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Other studies have specifically found meaningful change in both the UPPS-P and SOFAS over a 2-week neuromodulation intervention period among individuals with major depression [90,135].”
From Frontal Pole Neuromodulation for Impulsivity and Suicidality in Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Common Co-Occurring Mental Health Conditions: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Randomised and naturalistic studies suggest that rtMs and theta-burst stimulation may reduce PtsD symptoms”
From Feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary effectiveness of an accelerated bilateral intermittent theta-burst stimulation protocol in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depressive disorder following mild traumatic brain injury (2026) · cites this paper as Philip et al. 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“this cluster-specific pattern is consistent with neurobiological models implicating prefrontal-limbic regulation of arousal as a proximal mechanism of tMs effects in trauma-related populations, although the limited number of courses contributing to each cluster-level comparison (n ≈ 28 at Follow-up) reduces the precision of these estimates and warrants cautious interpretation (Petrosino et al. 202”
From Feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary effectiveness of an accelerated bilateral intermittent theta-burst stimulation protocol in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depressive disorder following mild traumatic brain injury (2026) · cites this paper as Philip et al. 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“On the basis of similar studies of iTBS protocols for patients with depression and PTSD, receiving treatment of similar duration, attrition rates are expected to be low—under 10% [58,90,91].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190
Random-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data
Laird, N. M., & Ware, J. H. (1982) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529876 · Cited by 8,923
Applied Linear Statistical Models
Kutner, M., Nachtsheim, C. J., Neter, J., & Li, W. (1997) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1997.10485141 · Cited by 7,186
Conn : A Functional Connectivity Toolbox for Correlated and Anticorrelated Brain Networks
Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., & Nieto-Castanon, A. (2012) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2012.0073 · Cited by 4,885
Theta Burst Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex
Huang, Y.-Z., Edwards, M. J., Rounis, E., Bhatia, K. P., & Rothwell, J. C. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.033 · Cited by 4,158
The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS): Psychometric properties
Rush, A. J., Gullion, C. M., Basco, M. R., Jarrett, R. B., & Trivedi, M. H. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700035558 · Cited by 2,177
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Kessler RC, 2000, J Clin Psychiatry, 61, 4
- Bluhm RL, 2009, J Psychiatry Neurosci, 34, 187
- Morosini PL, 2000, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 101, 323
- Endicott J, 1993, Psychopharmacol Bull, 29, 321
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Synaptic plasticity and mental health: methods, challenges and opportunities
Appelbaum, L. G., Shenasa, M. A., Stolz, L., & Daskalakis, Z. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01370-w · Cited by 240
Kan, R. L. D., Zhang, B. B. B., Zhang, J., & Kranz, G. S. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0851-5 · Cited by 109
Pabst, A., Proksch, S., Médé, B., Comstock, D. C., Ross, J. M., & Balasubramaniam, R. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104587 · Cited by 68
The Problem and Potential of TMS' Infinite Parameter Space: A Targeted Review and Road Map Forward
Caulfield, K. A., & Brown, J. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.867091 · Cited by 73
Virtual Reality and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Wout‐Frank, M. V. ‘., Arulpragasam, A. R., Faucher, C. R., Aiken, E., Shea, M. T., Jones, R. N., Greenberg, B. D., & Philip, N. S. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5661 · Cited by 71
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Philip, N. S., Barredo, J., Aiken, E., Larson, V., Jones, R. N., Shea, M. T., Greenberg, B. D., & van ’t Wout-Frank, M.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- The Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence VA Medical Center, and the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, R.I.
- Corresponding author
- Philip, Noah S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2019-11-01
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 939-948
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC6824981
- OpenAlex
- W2955256995
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 8.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (IK2 CX001824, IK2 CX000724, I21 RX002032)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, intermittent theta burst stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, veterans, depression, quality of life, default mode network, resting-state functional connectivity, treatment response prediction, sham-controlled treatment
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Quality of Life, Social Behavior, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Theta Rhythm, Treatment Outcome, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
