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Cited by 144Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and AssessmentsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders

Open access
Curtiss, Joshua E., Levine, Daniella S., Ander, Ilana, Baker, Amanda W.·2021·Focus
DOI 10.1176/appi.focus.20200045PMC PMC8475916
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Abstract

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a first-line, empirically supported intervention for anxiety disorders. CBT refers to a family of techniques that are designed to target maladaptive thoughts and behaviors that maintain anxiety over time. Several individual CBT protocols have been developed for individual presentations of anxiety. The article describes common and unique components of CBT interventions for the treatment of patients with anxiety and related disorders (i.e., panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, prolonged grief). Recent strategies for enhancing the efficacy of CBT protocols are highlighted as well.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1176/appi.focus.20200045

Cites

19 of 19 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Brief CBT interventions might be equal or superior to other forms of intervention, and their benefits persist over time.

    “Brief CBT interventions might be equal or superior to other forms of intervention, and their benefits persist over time.”

    From Novel non-pharmacological strategies for managing dentophobia in adult patients - literature review (2024) · cites this paper as [30]

    The section labeled Abstract describes CBT as a time-limited treatment, typically 12–16 weeks, and reports that internet-delivered CBT was superior to waitlist or placebo and similarly effective to face-to-face CBT for panic symptoms. It does not establish that brief CBT interventions generally equal or outperform other interventions, or that their benefits persist over time. The Pharmacotherapy passage instead says the added short-term benefit of combining medication with CBT diminished at six-month follow-up. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Brief CBT interventions involving one to three sessions can reduce dental anxiety.

    “The study highlights the potential effectiveness of brief CBT interventions, involving one to three sessions, in reducing dental anxiety.”

    From Novel non-pharmacological strategies for managing dentophobia in adult patients - literature review (2024) · cites this paper as [30]

    The Conclusions (page not provided) describe CBT as effective for anxiety and stress-related disorders. The paper does not report an effect on dental anxiety or support the specific one-to-three-session duration; its introductory discussion instead describes CBT as often lasting 12–16 weeks. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Brief cognitive-behavioural interventions performed by practising dentists might be sufficient for a significant proportion of patients with dental anxiety.

    “Brief cognitive-behavioural interventions performed by practising dentists might be sufficient for a significant proportion of patients with dental anxiety.”

    From Novel non-pharmacological strategies for managing dentophobia in adult patients - literature review (2024) · cites this paper as [30]

    The Abstract describes CBT as an effective treatment for anxiety disorders, which supports the general therapeutic premise. The passages do not address dental anxiety, interventions delivered by practising dentists, or whether brief interventions suffice for a significant proportion of those patients. The Conclusions instead recommend referral to a CBT provider; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Brief interventions involving one to three sessions might effectively reduce odontophobia, even in the long term.

    “Previous studies suggest that brief interventions involving one to three sessions might effectively reduce odontophobia, even in the long term.”

    From Novel non-pharmacological strategies for managing dentophobia in adult patients - literature review (2024) · cites this paper as [30]

    The passage on CBT in the Abstract describes treatment for anxiety disorders generally and says sessions often run weekly for 12–16 weeks. Searches for odontophobia or dental fear, one-to-three-session interventions, and long-term effects found no passage addressing the claimed result. (LLM, conf=0.74)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The prevailing literature on positive psychology indicates that it helps with resilience and improving positive affect, which was also found in this review.

    “The prevailing literature on positive psychology also indicates that it helps with resilience and improving positive affect [89,90], which was also found in this review.”

    From Psychological Interventions and Those With Elements of Positive Psychology for Child and Youth Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Literature Review, Lessons Learned, and Areas for Future Knowledge Dissemination (2024) · cites this paper as [89]

    The Conclusions (p. 189) discuss CBT for anxiety and stress-related disorders, not positive psychology’s effects on resilience or positive affect. Searches of our copy for those outcomes found no passage addressing the attributed claim. The statement about findings in the citing authors’ own review is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. [4]4. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th ed . Washington, DC: , American Psychiatric Association; , 2013. [Google Scholar]
  2. [5]5. Hofmann SG , Carpenter J , Curtiss JE , et al. : The Anxiety Skills Workbook: Simple CBT and Mindfulness Strategies for Overcoming Anxiety, Fear, and Worry . Oakland, CA: , New Harbinger; , 2020. [Google Scholar]
  3. [14]14. Curtiss J , Carpenter J , Kind S , et al. : Incorporating Memory Enhancers into the Treatment of Anxiety and Related Disorders , 2nd ed . Oxford, UK: , Elsevier; , 2016. [Google Scholar]

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Authors
Curtiss, J. E., Levine, D. S., Ander, I., & Baker, A. W.
Affiliations
Harvard University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Focus
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
2021-06
Volume
19
Issue
2
Pages
184-189
ISSN
  • 1541-4094 (ISSN-L)
  • 1541-4108
DOI
10.1176/appi.focus.20200045
PMC
PMC8475916
OpenAlex
W3176527706
Cited by
144
References
18
Citations by year
2026: 43 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 1
FWCI
10.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords
cognitive behavioral therapy, anxiety disorders, stress-related disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, prolonged grief disorder

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