Mental health treatment seeking among veteran and civilian community college students
Open accessAbstract
Objective: A Web-based survey examined treatment seeking among community college students to inform the design of engagement interventions. Methods: Veteran and civilian community college students (N=765) were screened for mental disorders and reported perceptions of treatment need, effectiveness, and stigma, as well as service use. Regression analysis identified predictors of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy use. Results: Of the 511 students who screened positive for a current mental disorder or reported a perceived need for treatment (149 veterans and 362 civilians), 30% reported past-year use of psychotropic medications. Predictors were perceived treatment need (odds ratio [OR]=7.81, p<001) and the perception that psychotropic medications are effective (OR=3.38, p=.012). Eleven percent of participants reported past-year psychotherapy use, and predictors were a positive screen for posttraumatic stress disorder (OR=2.78, p=.04) and poorer financial status. Conclusions: Modifiable barriers, including perceived need for and effectiveness of treatment, were correlated with pharmacotherapy use and should be targeted by engagement interventions.
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Claims the paper makes
2 of 24 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Veterans face challenges transitioning from highly structured military life to relatively unstructured, self-directed campus life.
“Veterans face challenges transitioning from highly structured military life to relatively unstructured, self-directed campus life (7).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] 7. Misra-Hebert AD, Santurri L, DeChant R, et al: Understanding the health needs and barriers to seeking health care of veteran stu- dents in the community. Southern Medical Journal 108:488-493, 2015 source
The Conclusions (page unavailable) identify stress in the transition to student life, and the Results describe difficulty maintaining fitness after military monitoring ended. The paper does not characterize campus life as relatively unstructured or say that a shift to self-directed campus life causes the transition challenges. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
Perceived effectiveness of psychotropic medications was a significant predictor of medication use (OR=3.38, p=.012).
“In addition, the perceived effectiveness of psychotropic medications was a significant predictor (OR=3.38,p=.012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In a sensitivity analysis without weights, insurance status and positive screens for generalized anxiety disorder and PTSD were positive and significant predictors of medication use.
“In a second sensitivity analysis that did not use weights, insurance status and screening positive for generalized anxiety disorder and PTSD were positive and significant (p,.05) predictors of medication use.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Eleven percent of the 511 participants reported receiving psychotherapy in the past year.
“Eleven percent of participants reported past-year psychotherapy use”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among clinical screeners, only a positive PTSD screen significantly predicted psychotherapy use (OR=2.78, p=.037).
“Among the clinical screeners, only having a positive PTSD screen was a significant predictor of psychotherapy use (OR=2.78,p=.037).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
In a sensitivity analysis, adding psychotherapy as an independent variable to the medication-use regression produced a significant and substantial effect (OR=4.05, p=.03).
“A sensitivity analysis added psychotherapy as an independent variable to the regression equation predicting use of psychotropic medications, and its effect was significant and substantial (OR=4.05,p=.03)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among 511 community college students who screened positive for a current mental disorder or reported needing treatment, 30% had used psychotropic medications in the past year.
“Of the 511 students who screened positive for a current mental disorder or reported a perceived need for treatment (149 veterans and 362 civilians), 30% reported past-year use of psychotropic medications.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among sociodemographic variables, age was the only significant predictor of psychotropic medication use.
“Among sociodemographic variables, only age was a significant predictor of medication use (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Fifty-six participants (11%) reported receiving psychotherapy in the past year.
“Fifty-six (11%) of the participants reported receiving psychotherapy in the past year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Perceived need was a significant and substantial predictor of psychotropic medication use (OR=7.81, p<.001).
“However, perceived need was a significant and substantial predictor of medication use (OR=7.81,p,.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among sociodemographic variables, only poorer financial status significantly predicted psychotherapy use.
“Of the sociodemographic variables, only poorer financial status was a significant predictor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Younger students were less likely to use pharmacotherapy.
“In particular, these beliefs should be targeted among younger students, who were less likely to use pharmacotherapy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Perceived need for treatment predicted past-year psychotropic medication use in the 511-student sample (OR=7.81, p<.001).
“Predictors were perceived treatment need (odds ratio [OR]=7.81,p,.001) and the perception that psychotropic medications are effective (OR=3.38,p=.012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Poorer financial status predicted past-year psychotherapy use.
“predictors were a positive screen for posttraumatic stress disorder (OR=2.78,p=.04) and poorer financial status.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Belief that psychotropic medications are effective predicted past-year psychotropic medication use (OR=3.38, p=.012).
“Predictors were perceived treatment need (odds ratio [OR]=7.81,p,.001) and the perception that psychotropic medications are effective (OR=3.38,p=.012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Similar to the Healthy Minds Study, students with greater perceived need for treatment and treatment effectiveness were more likely to use psychotropic medications.
“Similar to the Healthy Minds Study, we found that students with greater perceived need for treatment and treatment effectiveness were more likely to use psychotropic medications (10).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] 10. Eisenberg D, Golberstein E, Gollust SE: Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. Medical Care 45:594-601, 2007 source
- Findingown data
Modifiable characteristics, such as perceived need for treatment and effectiveness of psychotropic medications, were strong predictors of pharmacotherapy use.
“Modifiable characteristics, such as perceived need for treatment and effectiveness of psychotropic medications, were strong predictors of pharmacotherapy use and should be targeted by engagement interventions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In a sensitivity analysis, adding psychotropic medication use as an independent variable to the psychotherapy-use regression was not a significant predictor.
“A sensitivity analysis added use of psychotropic medications as an independent variable to the regression equation predicting psychotherapy use, but it was not a significant predictor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In a sensitivity analysis without weights, veteran status, male gender, perceived need, and a positive generalized anxiety disorder screen were positive and significant predictors of psychotherapy use.
“In a second sensitivity analysis that did not use weights, veteran status, male gender, perceived need, and screening positive for generalized anxiety disorder were positive and significant (p,.05) predictors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
When the analysis controlled for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, veteran students did not differentially engage in pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy compared with civilian students.
“When the analysis controlled for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, veteran students did not differentially engage in pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy compared with civilian students.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Veterans were more likely than civilians to perceive public stigma (p<.01).
“and more likely to perceive public stigma (p,.01).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Veterans were less likely than civilians to perceive that medications were helpful (47% vs 60%, p=.03).
“Veterans were less likely than civilians to perceive that medications were helpful (N=70, 47%, versus N=216, 60%, p=.03)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In contrast to the Healthy Minds Study, this study did not find that screening instruments predicted medication use.
“In contrast to the Healthy Minds Study (3), our study did not find that the screening instruments predicted medication use.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] 3. Eisenberg D, Hunt J, Speer N, et al: Mental health service utili- zation among college students in the United States. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 199:301-308, 2011 source
- Findingown data
Most nonmodifiable sociodemographic factors, such as race-ethnicity and veteran status, were not found to be strong predictors of treatment seeking.
“Fortunately, most nonmodifiable sociodemographic factors, such as race-ethnicity and veteran status, were not found to be strong predictors of treatment seeking.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Over half of the 511 participants (57%) reported a perceived need for mental health treatment in the past year.
“Over half of the 511 participants (N=290, 57%) reported a perceived need for mental health treatment in the past year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No clinical screener was a significant predictor of psychotropic medication use.
“None of the clinical screeners were significant predictors of medication use.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A positive PTSD screen predicted past-year psychotherapy use (OR=2.78, p=.04).
“predictors were a positive screen for posttraumatic stress disorder (OR=2.78,p=.04) and poorer financial status.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Race-ethnicity was not a significant predictor in this sample of community college students of lower socioeconomic status.
“However, this variable was not a significant predictor in our sample of community college students of lower socioeconomic status (464 [91%] reported that their current financial situation was tight or a struggle).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
464 participants (91%) reported that their current financial situation was tight or a struggle.
“(464 [91%] reported that their current financial situation was tight or a struggle).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
Students who did not report a need for treatment were excluded to avoid confounding correlates of prevalence with correlates of treatment seeking.
“Those who did not report a need for treatment were excluded because we did not want significant correlates of prevalence to confound identification of correlates of treatment seeking.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The contrasting findings may be due to the Healthy Minds Study including students who screened negative for mental disorders, whereas this study excluded students without a probable mental disorder or perceived need for treatment.
“These contrasting findings may be due to the fact that the Healthy Minds Study included students who screened negative for mental disorders, whereas our study excluded students without a probable mental disorder or perceived need for treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Healthy Minds Study included students who screened negative for mental disorders, whereas this study excluded students without a probable mental disorder or perceived need for treatment.
- Interpretationown data
The previous finding that veterans were more likely than civilians to receive psychotherapy when controlling for age, gender, and race-ethnicity was likely driven by higher prevalence rates or severity of mental disorders among veterans.
“Our more recent finding suggests that the previous findings were driven by higher prevalence rates or severity of mental disorders among veterans (8).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] 8. Fortney JC, Curran GM, Hunt JB, et al: Prevalence of probable mental disorders and help-seeking behaviors among veteran and non-veteran community college students. General Hospital Psy- chiatry 38:99-104, 2016 source
- Interpretationown data
Both civilian and veteran community college students had high rates of unmet need.
“Both civilian and veteran community college students had high rates of unmet need.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Most community colleges lack any on-site mental health services.
“Because most community colleges lack any on-site mental health services (15), engagement interventions should focus on linking students with off-site services.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] 15. Monahan J, Bonnie RJ, Davis SM, et al: Interventions by Virginia's colleges to respond to student mental health crises. Psychiatric Services 62:1439-1442, 2011 Psychiatric Services 68:8, August 2017 ps.psychiatryonline.org 855 source
- Interpretationown data
The sensitivity analysis result suggests that psychotherapy and medications are complementary treatments.
“suggesting that the two treatments (psychotherapy and medications) are complementary.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Community college students with a probable mental disorder or perceived need for treatment had low rates of mental health service use.
“Results indicated that community college students with a probable mental disorder or perceived need for treatment had low rates of mental health service use.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
The low rate of psychotherapy use reduced the statistical power to detect clinically meaningful predictors.
“Third, the low rate of psychotherapy use reduced the statistical power to detect clinically meaningful predictors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Because there is less variation in socioeconomic status among community college students than among students of four-year colleges, racial-ethnic differences may have been less important in this sample.
“Because there is less variation in socioeconomic status among community college students than among students of four-year colleges, racial-ethnic differences may have been less important in our sample.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Over one-third of veterans using Post-9/11 GI Bill benefits are enrolled in community colleges.
“Over one-third of veterans using Post-9/11 GI Bill benefits are enrolled in community colleges (6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] 6. Shinseki EK: Speech delivered at the National Legislative Summit of the Association of Community College Trustees, Washington, DC, Feb 13-16, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In a previous sample of community college students with and without mental disorders, veterans were more likely than civilians to receive psychotherapy when the analysis controlled for age, gender, and race-ethnicity.
“We previously reported that in a sample of community college students with and without mental disorders, veterans were more likely than civilians to receive psychotherapy when the analysis controlled for age, gender, and race-ethnicity (8).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] 8. Fortney JC, Curran GM, Hunt JB, et al: Prevalence of probable mental disorders and help-seeking behaviors among veteran and non-veteran community college students. General Hospital Psy- chiatry 38:99-104, 2016 source
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 29
- May combine two claims. 17
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe health beliefs model posits that treatment seeking depends on perceptions about need for, barriers to, and effectiveness of treatment.
“The health beliefs model posits that treatment seeking depends on perceptions about need for, barriers to, and effectiveness of treatment (9).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [9] 9. Rosenstock IM, Strecher VJ, Becker MH: Social learning theory and the Health Belief Model. Health Education Quarterly 15: 175-183, 1988 source
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataCompared with civilians, veterans were more likely to screen positive for depression (47% vs 32%, p<.01), PTSD (37% vs 21%, p<.01), and binge drinking (51% vs 35%, p<.01).
“Compared with civilians, veterans were more likely to screen positive for depression (N=115, 32%, versus N=70, 47%, p,.01), PTSD (N=77, 21%, versus N=55, 37%, p,.01), and binge drinking (N=127, 35%, versus N=76, 51%, p,.01).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataPerceived need, perceived effectiveness of psychotherapy, and personal or public stigma did not significantly predict psychotherapy use.
“Perceived need for treatment, perceived effectiveness of psychotherapy, and personal or public stigma were not significant predictors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataTwo-thirds (66%) thought psychotherapy would be helpful, and 59% thought psychotropic medications would be helpful.
“Two-thirds (N=338, 66%) thought that psychotherapy would be helpful, and 301 (59%) thought that psychotropic medications would be helpful.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNeither personal stigma nor public stigma significantly predicted psychotropic medication use.
“Neither personal-stigma nor public-stigma were significant predictors of medication use.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThree-quarters of veterans (77%) reported having been deployed.
“Three-quarters of veterans (N=114, 77%) reported having been deployed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe unweighted percentage of veterans in the sample was 29%, and the weighted percentage was 3.7%.
“The unweighted percentage of veterans in the sample was 29% (N=149), and the weighted percentage (reflecting the proportion in the student population of the 11 community colleges participating in the study) was 3.7%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataCompared with civilians, veterans were more likely to be age 23 or older (92% vs 52%, p<.001), less likely to be female (22% vs 75%, p<.001), and more likely to be married (56% vs 28%, p<.001).
“Compared with civilians, veterans were more likely to be age 23 or older (N=187, 52%, versus N=137, 92%, p,.001), less likely to be female (N=270, 75%, versus N=33, 22%, p,.001), and more likely to be married (N=100, 28%, versus N=84, 56%, p,.001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong the 511 participants, 47% were under age 23, 73% were female, 29% were from racial-ethnic minority groups, 29% were married, 63% were employed, 54% were insured, 47% reported struggling financially, and 44% reported finances were tight.
“Almost half (N=240, 47%) of the 511 participants were under age 23, 371 (73%) were female, 146 (29%) were from racialethnic minority groups (black, N=82, 16%; other, N=64, 13%), 147 (29%) were married, 320 (63%) were employed full-or part-time, 278 (54%) were insured, and 241 (47%) reported that they struggled financially and another 223 (44%) reported that finances were tight.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataCompared with ages 18-22, students ages 23-30 (OR=4.51, p=.029), 31-40 (OR=4.85, p=.035), and 41+ (OR=8.99, p<.004) were significantly more likely to report taking psychotropic medications.
“Compared with students ages 18-22, those ages 23-30 (odds ratio [OR=4.51],p=.029), 31-40 (OR=4.85,p=.035) and 41 and older (OR=8.99,p,.004) were significantly more likely to report taking psychotropic medications.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataStigma was not a significant barrier to either psychotropic medication use or receipt of psychotherapy.
“Stigma was not a significant barrier to either psychotropic medication use or receipt of psychotherapy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataA large proportion of the 511 participants screened positive for depression (32%), generalized anxiety disorder (30%), PTSD (22%), binge drinking (36%), illegal drug use (16%), suicidal ideation in the past two weeks (18%), acute suicidal ideation in the past year (14%), and nonlethal self-injury (15%).
“A large proportion of the 511 participants screened positive for depression (N=165, 32%), generalized anxiety disorder (N=152, 30%), PTSD (N=112, 22%), binge drinking (N=182, 36%), illegal drug use (N=84, 16%), suicidal ideation in the past two weeks (N=94, 18%), acute suicidal ideation in the past year (N=70, 14%), and nonlethal self-injury (N=75, 15%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataA total of 765 students (211 veterans and 554 civilians) responded to the survey.
“A total of 765 students (211 veterans and 554 civilians) responded to the survey.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenPoststratification weights were calculated to account for survey nonresponse by using demographic data from the registrar's office.
“Poststratification weights were calculated to account for survey nonresponse by using demographic data available from the registrar's office.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenStandard errors were adjusted for stratified sampling by college.
“Standard errors were adjusted for stratified sampling by college.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataA few modifiable risk factors were found to correlate with treatment seeking and could be targeted by engagement interventions.
“A few modifiable risk factors were found to correlate with treatment seeking and could be targeted by engagement interventions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataWeights were used in the statistical analysis to make results generalizable to the student population in the 11 participating community colleges.
“Weights were used in the statistical analysis to ensure results were generalizable to the student population in the 11 community colleges participating in the study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationPersonal and public stigma were measured with a scale adapted from Link and colleagues.
“Personal stigma (how one views others with a mental disorder) and public stigma (how others are thought to view people with a mental disorder) were measured with a scale adapted from Link and colleagues (13).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Link and colleagues (13)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataBecause few students used psychotherapy, the number of explanatory variables was limited to the number of observed events divided by five.
“Because so few students used psychotherapy, we limited the number of explanatory variables to the number of observed events divided by five (14).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Vittinghoff E, McCulloch CE: Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and Cox regression. American Journal of Epi- demiology 165:710-718, 2007 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAmong students at traditional four-year colleges, greater perceived need for, barriers to, and effectiveness of mental health treatment are important predictors of service use.
“Among students at traditional four-year colleges, greater perceived need for, barriers to, and effectiveness of mental health treatment are important predictors of service use (10,11).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [10] 10. Eisenberg D, Golberstein E, Gollust SE: Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. Medical Care 45:594-601, 2007 source
- cites [11] 11. Eisenberg D, Downs MF, Golberstein E, et al: Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review 66:522-541, 2009 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe findings may not generalize to other geographic regions.
“First, findings may not generalize to other geographic regions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataThe analytic sample of 511 students was defined as those who screened positive for a current mental disorder or reported a perceived need for treatment.
“The analytic sample (N=511) was defined as the subset of students who screened positive for a current mental disorder or reported a perceived need for treatment (149 veterans and 362 civilians).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenCurrent mental disorders were assessed with validated screening instruments for depression (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), and PTSD (Primary Care PTSD screen).
“Current mental disorders were assessed by using validated screening instruments for depression (nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9]), generalized anxiety disorder (seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder screener), and posttraumatic stress disorder (Primary Care PTSD screen).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe study was approved by the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Institutional Review Board.
“The study was approved by the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Institutional Review Board.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationStudents from racial-ethnic minority groups and those with lower socioeconomic status at four-year colleges are less likely than white students and those with higher socioeconomic status to use mental health services.
“Students from racial-ethnic minority groups and those with lower socioeconomic status at four-year colleges are less likely than white students and those with higher socioeconomic status to use mental health services (10).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] 10. Eisenberg D, Golberstein E, Gollust SE: Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. Medical Care 45:594-601, 2007 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe response rate to the Web-based survey was 31% for veterans and 32% for civilians.
“The response rate to this Web-based survey was 31% for veterans and 32% for civilians.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe response rate was low, which increased the risk of nonresponse bias.
“Second, as in many Web-based surveys, our response rate was low, which increased the risk of nonresponse bias.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationown dataEngagement interventions that focus on increasing perceived need for and effectiveness of treatment may be helpful in encouraging younger community college students to seek treatment.
“Engagement interventions that focus on increasing the perceived need for and effectiveness of treatment may be helpful in encouraging younger community college students to seek treatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAmong active-duty military personnel, personal stigma and unfavorable beliefs about treatment effectiveness have been reported as barriers to care.
“Among active-duty military personnel, personal stigma and unfavorable beliefs about treatment effectiveness have been reported as barriers to care (12).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] 12. Stecker T, Fortney JC, Hamilton F, et al: An assessment of beliefs about mental health care among veterans who served in Iraq. Psychiatric Services 58:1358-1361, 2007 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCommunity college students enter college less academically prepared, with lower high school grade point averages and college admission test scores.
“They also enter college less academically prepared, with lower high school grade point averages and college admission test scores (5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. Berkner L, Choy S: Descriptive Summary of 2003-04 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Three Years Later. Washington, DC, US De- partment of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2008 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationSociodemographic and clinical characteristics were measured with items from the Healthy Minds Study.
“We measured sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with items from the Healthy Minds Study (3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] 3. Eisenberg D, Hunt J, Speer N, et al: Mental health service utili- zation among college students in the United States. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 199:301-308, 2011 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationNearly half of all college students are enrolled in two-year community colleges.
“Nearly half of all college students are enrolled in two-year community colleges (4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] 4. Aud S, Wilkinson-Flicker S, Kristapovich P, et al: The Condition of Education 2013. Washington, DC, US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVeteran community college students are significantly more likely than their civilian counterparts to suffer from depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation and are significantly more likely to perceive a need for treatment.
“Veteran community college students are significantly more likely than their civilian counterparts to suffer from depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidal ideation and are significantly more likely to perceive a need for treatment (8).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] 8. Fortney JC, Curran GM, Hunt JB, et al: Prevalence of probable mental disorders and help-seeking behaviors among veteran and non-veteran community college students. General Hospital Psy- chiatry 38:99-104, 2016 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningThe study's findings can inform the design of engagement interventions for community college campuses that promote treatment seeking for mental and substance use disorders.
“These findings can inform the design of engagement interventions for community college campuses that promote treatment seeking for mental and substance use disorders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIf left untreated, these disorders impair academic achievement.
“If left untreated, these disorders impair academic achievement (2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] 2. Kessler RC, Foster CL, Saunders WB, et al: Social consequences of psychiatric disorders: I. educational attainment. American Journal of Psychiatry 152:1026-1032, 1995 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe Healthy Minds Study found that race-ethnicity was an important predictor of psychotropic medication use.
“The Healthy Minds Study, which surveyed students of four-year colleges and universities, found that race-ethnicity was an important predictor of psychotropic medication use (3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] 3. Eisenberg D, Hunt J, Speer N, et al: Mental health service utili- zation among college students in the United States. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 199:301-308, 2011 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAbout a third of college students have a mental disorder, yet only a third of those with a disorder receive counseling or medications.
“About a third of college students have a mental disorder, yet only a third of those with a disorder receive counseling or medications (3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] 3. Eisenberg D, Hunt J, Speer N, et al: Mental health service utili- zation among college students in the United States. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 199:301-308, 2011 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationOnly 16% of two-year community college students receive a degree within three years of enrollment.
“Only 16% of two-year community college students receive a degree within three years of enrollment (5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. Berkner L, Choy S: Descriptive Summary of 2003-04 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Three Years Later. Washington, DC, US De- partment of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2008 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationOnset of most mental disorders typically occurs before age 24.
“Onset of most mental disorders typically occurs before age 24 (1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] 1. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al: Lifetime prevalence and age- of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62:593-602, 2005 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCommunity college students experience greater financial stress and have substantially lower annual household incomes compared with students of four-year colleges.
“Community college students experience greater financial stress and have substantially lower annual household incomes compared with students of four-year colleges (5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. Berkner L, Choy S: Descriptive Summary of 2003-04 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Three Years Later. Washington, DC, US De- partment of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2008 source
The paper relies on this without support.
There is virtually no information about treatment seeking among community college students.
“Because there is virtually no information about treatment seeking among community college students, we examined correlates of mental health service use in this population.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This study is the first to identify predictors of mental health treatment seeking among community college students and to compare treatment seeking between veteran and civilian community college students.
“To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to identify predictors of mental health treatment seeking among community college students and to compare treatment seeking between veteran and civilian community college students.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Transitioning to campus life, combined with other reintegration stressors, can aggravate symptoms of mental illness among veterans.
“When combined with other stressors faced by veterans reintegrating to civilian life, transitioning to campus life can aggravate symptoms of mental illness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Community college students without a need for treatment would not have contributed relevant information to the goal of designing engagement interventions.
“In addition, because our long-term goal is to design engagement interventions, community college students without a need for treatment would not have contributed relevant information.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Healthy Minds Study included students who screened negative for mental disorders, whereas this study excluded students without a probable mental disorder or perceived need for treatment.
“These contrasting findings may be due to the fact that the Healthy Minds Study included students who screened negative for mental disorders, whereas our study excluded students without a probable mental disorder or perceived need for treatment.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Medication-helpfulness subgroup counts do not match the overall count
MinorThe reported veteran and civilian counts who considered medications helpful sum to 286, rather than the overall count of 301.
Reported 301 · recomputed 286
“301 (59%) thought that psychotropic medications would be helpful”
Binge-drinking subgroup counts exceed the overall count
MinorThe civilian and veteran binge-drinking counts sum to 203, while the overall count is reported as 182.
Reported 182 · recomputed 203
“binge drinking (N=182, 36%)”
Cites
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · see citing works
Social Learning Theory and the Health Belief Model
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Relaxing the Rule of Ten Events per Variable in Logistic and Cox Regression
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A Modified Labeling Theory Approach to Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment
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Social consequences of psychiatric disorders, I: Educational attainment
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Stigma and Help Seeking for Mental Health Among College Students
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Self-citationHelp-Seeking and Access to Mental Health Care in a University Student Population
Eisenberg, D., Golberstein, E., & Gollust, S. E. (2007) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e31803bb4c1 · Cited by 1,131 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Health Service Utilization Among College Students in the United States
Eisenberg, D., Hunt, J., Speer, N., & Zivin, K. (2011) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182175123 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Assessment of Beliefs About Mental Health Care Among Veterans Who Served in Iraq
Stecker, T., Fortney, J. C., Hamilton, F., & Ajzen, I. (2007) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2007.58.10.1358 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationFortney, J. C., Curran, G. M., Hunt, J. B., Cheney, A. M., Lu, L., Valenstein, M., & Eisenberg, D. (2016) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.09.007 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationDescriptive summary of 2003-04 beginning postsecondary students: Three years later
Berkner, L., Choy, S. P., & Hunt-White, T. (2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e475252008-001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Descriptive Summary of 2003-04 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Three Years Later. NCES 2008-174.
Berkner, L., & Choy, S. P. (2008) · National Center for Education Statistics · Cited by 67 · see citing works
DABNEY, M. Y., & LORANZ, C. P. (1927) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-192707000-00019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
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Interventions by Virginia's Colleges to Respond to Student Mental Health Crises
Monahan, J., Bonnie, R. J., Davis, S. M., & Flynn, C. (2011) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.002082011 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lattie, E. G., Adkins, E. C., Winquist, N., Stiles-Shields, C., Wafford, Q. E., & Graham, A. K. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12869 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
“It was notable that only 1 study comprised a community college sample, as it is widely recognized that community college students have higher rates of unmet mental health needs compared with students in traditional 4-year colleges and universities [136-138].”
Lipson, S. K., Phillips, M., Winquist, N. W., Eisenberg, D., & Lattie, E. G. (2021) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202000437 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationDunbar, M. S., Sontag-Padilla, L. M., Kase, C., Seelam, R., & Stein, B. D. (2018) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201700402 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Nogueira, M. J., Sequeira, C., & Sampaio, F. (2021) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2021.1979945 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The Healthy Minds Study 2016–2017 (Fortney et al., 2017) revealed that 14% of students screened for major depression, 31% for overall depression (including major and moderate), and 31% for a high level of generalized anxiety.”
BackgroundAn assessment of sense of belonging in higher education among student service members/veterans
Barry, A. E., Jackson, Z. A., & Fullerton, A. B. (2019) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1676249 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Valenstein, M. M., Clive, R., Ganoczy, D. A., Garlick, J., Walters, H., West, B. T., Kim, H. M., Eisenberg, D., Bohnert, K. M., DesJardins, S. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1753751 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This estimate of treatment use is much lower than that reported by Albright et al (89%),(15) but higher than that reported by Currier et al (3334%) or Fortney et al (30%).(17,18) Given the positive predictive value (PPV) of the PHQ-9 for clinical diagnosis of major”
ResultSelf-citationCalifornia Community College Faculty and Staff Help Address Student Mental Health Issues
Sontag-Padilla, L. M., Dunbar, M. S., Seelam, R., Kase, C., Setodji, C. M., & Stein, B. D. (2017) · Rand health quarterly · doi:10.7249/rhq-08-02-04 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chen, J. I., Bozzay, M. L., Monahan, M. F., Gryglewicz, K., Romero, G., Steding, L. H., Gleason, L. L., & Karver, M. S. (2018) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1469500 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This research is supported by findings showing that perceived need, as well as stigma, is actually positively associated with mental-health help-seeking behavior among this population.(27,32,33) Some propose that social support may be an important facilitator of help-seeking(34) as SSM/Vs who are married or have a par…”
BackgroundMethodLost in Transition: The Behavioral Health Needs of Veterans in Eight County Jails
Comartin, E. B., Dunnigan, M., & Nelson, V. (2021) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-021-01151-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Perceived need for treatment for mental disorders: A review and critical evaluation
Kazdin, A. E. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102591 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Indirect Interventions: Lifestyle Options to Treat Mental Disorders
Kazdin, A. E. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13050505 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
GI Bill students at 2‐year colleges: Enrollment retention, and support trends
Morris, P. A., & Clayton, G. (2024) · New Directions for Community Colleges · doi:10.1002/cc.20624 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quantitative Approaches to Community College Student Health: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Edwardson, K. (2020) · Community College Journal of Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/10668926.2020.1722293 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Community colleges serve roughly half of the undergraduates across the nation (Chiauzzi et al., 2011; Donovan, Chiauzzi, Floyd, Bond, & Wood, 2012a; Fortney et al., 2016, 2017; Heller & Sarmiento, 2016; Scull, Kupersmidt, Malik, & Keefe, 2018), and their student populations are often more diverse…”
BackgroundInfluentialCaregiving Network Characteristics and Mental Health Care Utilization by Older Adults
Wyman, M. F., Jacobs, J., Stalter, L. N., Venkatesh, M., TRIVEDI, R. B., & Byers, A. L. (2025) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.70082 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These gaps have particular relevance for military veterans, who are at increased risk for MH problems [17] but have well-documented low rates of MH treatment [18], on par with civilians in comparative studies [19].”
Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants and Nicotine Among Community College Students
Truitt, H. G., Ginley, M. K., Foster, K. N., Sevak, R. J., & Hagemeier, N. E. (2024) · Community College Review · doi:10.1177/00915521231218208
“Despite previously established high rates of substance use among community college students, healthcare and psychiatric services are not consistently offered to community college students (Fortney et al., 2017; Salgado García et al., 2020).”
BackgroundExploring Institutional Retention for GI Bill Students at Community, Junior, and Technical Colleges
Morris, P. A., Clayton, G., & Hixson, D. (2025) · Community College Journal of Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/10668926.2025.2535977
Mental Health in College Students: From Epidemiological Findings to Sustainable Policies
Bruffaerts, R. (2026) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-084303 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fortney, J. C., Curran, G. M., Hunt, J. B., Lu, L., Eisenberg, D., & Valenstein, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Psychiatric Services
- Published
- 2017-08-01
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 851-855
- ISSN
- 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
- 1075-2730
- 1557-9700
- OpenAlex
- W2607453761
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Keywords
- mental health treatment seeking, community college students, veterans, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychotropic drug use, psychotherapy use, perceived need for treatment, mental health stigma, financial barriers to care, engagement strategies, mental disorder screening
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Arkansas, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Mental Health Services, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Psychotropic Drugs, Students, Universities, Veterans, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.
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