Mental Health-Related Beliefs as a Barrier to Service Use for Military Personnel and Veterans: A Review
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OBJECTIVE: Although military personnel are at high risk of mental health problems, research findings indicate that many military personnel and veterans do not seek needed mental health care. Thus it is critical to identify factors that interfere with the use of mental health services for this population, and where possible, intervene to reduce barriers to care. The overarching goal of this review was to examine what is known with regard to concerns about public stigma and personal beliefs about mental illness and mental health treatment as potential barriers to service use in military and veteran populations and to provide recommendations for future research on this topic. METHODS: Fifteen empirical articles on mental health beliefs and service use were identified via a review of the military and veteran literature included in PsycINFO and PubMed databases. RESULTS: Although results suggest that mental health beliefs may be an important predictor of service use for this population, several gaps were identified in the current literature. Limitations include a lack of attention to the association between mental health beliefs and service use, a limited focus on personal beliefs about mental illness and mental health treatment, and the application of measures of mental health beliefs with questionable or undocumented psychometric properties. CONCLUSIONS: Studies that attend to these important issues and that examine mental health beliefs in the broader context within which decisions about seeking health care are made can be used to best target resources to engage military personnel and veterans in health care.
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mHealth apps may fill a gap for those who require mental health treatment but face barriers such as stigma to visible help-seeking, long waiting times, high job mobility, and geographic restrictions.
“In addition, mHealth apps may fill a gap for those who require mental health treatment but are faced with barriers, such as stigma to visible help-seeking, long waiting times, a high mobility of their jobs, and geographic restrictions [8,30,33,34], all of which have been noted as problematic for the MMs, PSP, and veteran populations.”
From Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Quality of Resilience-Building Mobile Health Apps for Military, Veteran, and Public Safety Personnel Populations: Scoping Literature Review and App Evaluation (2022) · cites this paper as [34]
The review identifies public stigma and logistical barriers for military personnel and veterans (Conclusions; Other potential barriers to care), and reports that waiting times are perceived as a barrier to VA care (Research on barriers to care in military and veteran populations). It does not address job mobility, geographic restrictions, public safety personnel, or whether mHealth apps can fill the gap. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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“However, the stigma associated with mental health disorders in military personnel is well recognized (Vogt, 2011), and significantly impedes enrollment into and compliance with adequate mental health care (Hoge et al., 2006).”
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“Commonly cited reasons for not seeking care include inconvenience of appointments, concerns about high costs, perceived stigma from peers, and the belief in one’s own ability to handle symptoms (DeViva et al., 2015; Fox, Meyer, & Vogt, 2015; Garcia et al., 2014; Hoge et al., 2004; Pietrzak, Johnson, Goldstein, Malley,…”
Rapid Relationality: How Peripheral Experts Build a Foundation for Influence with Line Managers
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“Mental healthcare usage was strongly stigmatized as a sign of weakness in a hyper-masculine context in which soldiers are regularly evaluated on their physical and mental toughness (e.g., Vogt, 2011).”
BackgroundPTSD, stigma and barriers to help-seeking within the UK Armed Forces
Murphy, D., & Busuttil, W. (2014) · Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps · doi:10.1136/jramc-2014-000344 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The Importance of Military Cultural Competence
Meyer, E. G., Writer, B. W., & Brim, W. L. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0662-9 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Time to Treatment Among Veterans of Conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan With Psychiatric Diagnoses
Maguen, S., Madden, E., Cohen, B. E., Bertenthal, D., & Seal, K. H. (2012) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201200051 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Jain, S., McMahon, G. F., Hasen, P., Kozub, M. P., Porter, V., King, R. P., & Guarneri, E. M. (2012) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-11-00290 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Access to Mental Health Care Among Women Veterans
Kimerling, R. E., Pavao, J., Greene, L., Karpenko, J., Rodriguez, A. L., Saweikis, M., & Washington, D. L. (2015) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000272 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“To date, few studies have examined the impact of perceptions of mental health care on mental health utilization.(16) Among VA users, the impact of women’s experiences with access to female providers, designated women’s mental health clinics, or same-gender group treatments is largely anecdotal.”
BackgroundVogt, D. S., Leone, B. A. L. D., Wang, J. M., Sayer, N. A., Pineles, S. L., & Litz, B. T. (2013) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0032780 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
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“Many returnees may not seek needed mental health care due to public stigma and personal fear and embarassment that constitute barriers to using VA care [33].”
BackgroundPredictors of posttraumatic stress and preferred sources of social support among Canadian paramedics
Donnelly, E. A., Bradford, P., Davis, M., Hedges, C., & Klingel, M. (2016) · CJEM · doi:10.1017/cem.2015.92 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Factors Affecting Help Seeking for Mental Health Problems After Deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan
Hines, L. A., Goodwin, L., Jones, M., Hull, L., Wessely, S. C., Fear, N. T., & Rona, R. J. (2013) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.004972012 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mental Health Beliefs and Their Relationship With Treatment Seeking Among U.S. OEF/OIF Veterans
Vogt, D. S., Fox, A. B., & Leone, B. A. L. D. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21919 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationIntensive Outpatient Prolonged Exposure for Combat-Related PTSD: A Case Study
Blount, T. H., Cigrang, J. A., Foa, E. B., Ford, H. L., & Peterson, A. L. (2013) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.05.004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Clinical research on the treatment of combat-related PTSD in active-duty military populations has been limited by a number of factors, such asmilitary operational mission requirements and the stigma of seeking care in military settings (Vogt, 2011).”
BackgroundHoerster, K. D., Malte, C. A., Imel, Z. E., Ahmad, Z. S., Hunt, S. C., & Jakupcak, M. (2012) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100187 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Rosen, C. S., Greenbaum, M. A., Fitt, J. E., Laffaye, C., Norris, V. A., & Kimerling, R. E. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3182349ea5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Mental health stigma, a potentially negatively predisposing attitude, is prevalent among military personnel (Gould et al., 2010; Wright et al., 2009), yet few studies have examined how stigma is associated with use of treatment by veterans (Vogt, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTiming of Mental Health Treatment and PTSD Symptom Improvement Among Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans
Maguen, S., Madden, E., Neylan, T. C., Cohen, B. E., Bertenthal, D., & Seal, K. H. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300453 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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“On the basis of previous findings (Hoerster et al., 2012; Jarrett, 2008; Pietrzak et al., 2009; Vogt, 2011), we hypothesized that higher education, greater psychological distress, greater social and unit support, lower psychological resilience, and more positive beliefs about mental health…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialClinician Perceptions of Using a Smartphone App with Prolonged Exposure Therapy
Kuhn, E., Eftekhari, A., Hoffman, J. E., Crowley, J. J., Ramsey, K. M., Reger, G. M., & Ruzek, J. I. (2014) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-013-0532-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“For example, many veterans express concerns about the stigma of mental illness and privacy (Vogt 2011).”
BackgroundTrauma-informed care: Keeping mental health settings safe for veterans
Kelly, U., Boyd, M. A., Valente, S. M., & Czekanski, E. (2014) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2014.881941 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The decision to seek mental health treatment is influenced by its availability, ease of access, the veterans’ confidence that treatment will help, and stigma (Kim, Thomas, Wilk, Castro, & Hoge, 2010; Vogt, 2011).”
Neilson, E. C., Singh, R. S., Harper, K. L., & Teng, E. J. (2020) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000257 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The workplace integration of veterans: Applying diversity and fit perspectives
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Review of Mobile Health Technology for Military Mental Health
Shore, J. H., Aldag, M., McVeigh, F. L., Hoover, R. L., Ciulla, R., & Fisher, A. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-13-00429 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Stigma and Barriers to Mental Health Care in Deployed Canadian Forces Personnel
Sudom, K., Zamorski, M. A., & Garber, B. G. (2012) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2012.697368 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Other studies exploring this in military personnel and veterans are lacking (Vogt, 2011).”
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“Despite these challenges, the majority of SMs who screen positive for mental health issues do not seek professional help (Vogt, 2011); hence, families often are motivated to talk with SMs who are struggling with reintegration about getting help (Sayers et al.”
BackgroundPerkins, D. F., Aronson, K. R., Morgan, N. R., Bleser, J. A., Vogt, D., Copeland, L. A., Finley, E. P., & Gilman, C. (2020) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2018.1546259 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“First, veterans report encountering a number of barriers to healthcare and mental healthcare (Elnitsky et al., 2013; Stecker & Fortney, 2011; Visco, 2009; Vogt, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMoreau, J. L., Cordasco, K. M., Young, A. S., Oishi, S., Rose, D. E., Canelo, I. A., Yano, E. M., Haskell, S. G., & Hamilton, A. B. (2018) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2017.12.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Shepherd, S., Sherman, D. K., MacLean, A., & Kay, A. C. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620953096 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Moore, 2017), race-ethnicity (Ben-Shalom, 2012), and mental-health status (Dickstein et al., 2010; Rausch, 2014; Vogt, 2011) within a military context.”
BackgroundHobfoll, S. E., Blais, R. K., Stevens, N. R., Walt, L., & Gengler, R. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000041 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Recruitment and retention of young adult veteran drinkers using Facebook
Pedersen, E. R., Naranjo, D. E., & Marshall, G. N. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172972 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Stigma, American military personnel and mental health care: challenges from Iraq and Afghanistan
Schreiber, M., & McEnany, G. P. (2015) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2014.971147 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Connecting decorated soldiers who discuss their psychiatric disorders and stigma publically may help veterans to seek care in post-deployment (Corrigan, 2012; Vogt, 2011).”
BackgroundHanisch, S., Birner, U., Oberhauser, C., Nowak, D., & Sabariego, C. (2017) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.7600 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“A major barrier that strongly contributes to the underuse of EAPs is the stigma associated with mental illness [15,16].”
BackgroundCigrang, J. A., Talcott, G. W., Tatum, J., Baker, M. T., Cassidy, D., Sonnek, S. M., Snyder, D. K., Balderrama‐Durbin, C. M., Heyman, R. E., & Slep, A. M. S. (2013) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12043 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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“A review by Vogt (2011) identified stigma as particularly salient to military personnel and veterans.”
BackgroundOsório, C., Jones, N., Fertout, M., & Greenberg, N. L. (2012) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2012.725470 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“These concerns can be a consequence of self-generated stigma and can also be an internalization of negative beliefs, behaviors, and myths about mental health that arise within military organizations (Britt et al., 2008; Greene-Shortridge et al., 2007; Vogt, 2011).”
BackgroundPathways into mental health care for UK veterans: a qualitative study
Mellotte, H., Murphy, D., Rafferty, L., & Greenberg, N. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1389207 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Despite extensive research into the role of stigma in help-seeking, recent quantitative findings have questioned the extent to which such beliefs prevent helpseeking (Sharpe et al., 2015; Vogt, 2011).”
BackgroundMilitary and Veteran help-seeking behaviors: Role of mental health stigma and leadership
McGuffin, J., Riggs, S. A., Raiche, E., & Romero, D. H. (2021) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2021.1962181 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“As part of the VA initiative to improve service utilization, a comprehensive review identified public stigma as one of the most salient concerns for SMVs, noting few studies at the time examining self-stigma in military and Veteran populations (Vogt, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialValenstein, M. M., Gorman, L. A., Blow, A. J., Ganoczy, D. A., Walters, H., Kees, M. R., Pfeiffer, P. N., Kim, H. M., Lagrou, R., Wadsworth, S. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21942 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In several studies, active duty soldiers and veterans have reported numerous barriers to accessing mental health care, including barriers related to stigma, practical logistical issues, and negative beliefs about treatment (Britt, 2000; Hoge et al., 2004; Vogt, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNaifeh, J. A., Colpe, L. J., Aliaga, P. A., Sampson, N. A., Heeringa, S. G., Stein, M. B., Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S., Nock, M. K., Schoenbaum, M., et al. (2016) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-15-00211 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“” Military Medicine 181 (9) (September): 1021–1032.”
Military Culture Implications for Mental Health and Nursing Care
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“Negative treatment beliefs, stigma, and systemlevel barriers are repeatedly reported to impact treatment utilization among veterans (Blais & Renshaw, 2013; Kulesza, Pedersen, Corrigan, & Marshall, 2015; Tanielian & Jaycox, 2008; Vogt, 2011).”
BackgroundMurphy, R. A., & Fairbank, J. A. (2013) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0149-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A Bourdieusian Analysis of U.S. Military Culture Ground in the Mental Help-Seeking Literature
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Brain Injury in Current Military Populations
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Collateral damage: Military sexual trauma and help-seeking barriers.
Holland, K. J., Rabelo, V. C., & Cortina, L. M. (2015) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0039467 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Mental Health Service Use Among Trauma-Exposed Adults
Ghafoori, B., Barragan, B., & Palinkas, L. A. (2014) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000108 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“A growing body of research indicates low mental health service use relative to need among trauma survivors (Gavrilovic et al., 2005; Sayer et al., 2009; Vogt, 2011).”
Stecker, T. A., McHugo, G. J., Xie, H., Whyman, K., & Jones, M. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300433 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Campbell, D. G., Bonner, L. M., Bolkan, C. R., Lanto, A. B., Zivin, K., Waltz, T. J., Klap, R. S., Rubenstein, L. V., & Chaney, E. F. (2016) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9780-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Stigma related to mental health concerns clearly exists in these populations even though, as presented earlier, the evidence is mixed regarding stigma's function as a treatment barrier (28-32,35,38,40,41).”
BackgroundPatient-Centered Mental Health Care for Female Veterans
Kimerling, R. E., Bastian, L. A., Bean‐Mayberry, B., Bucossi, M. M., Carney, D. V., Goldstein, K. M., Phibbs, C. S., Pomernacki, A., Sadler, A. G., Yano, E. M., et al. (2014) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300551 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Veterans who are underrepresented in gender, race, or sexual orientation in the health care system may differ from the majority in beliefs about belongingness, stigma, or therapist-client match (40,41) and may perceive TABLE 1.”
BackgroundE-mental health preferences of Veterans with and without probable posttraumatic stress disorder
Whealin, J. M., Seibert, L. A., Howell, J. W., & Tsai, J. (2015) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2014.04.0113 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“[6,10,48,54–56].”
BackgroundMethodClary, K. L., Pena, S., & Smith, D. C. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01768-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In addition, stigma regarding mental health issues is persuaded by the Warrior Ethos (Ben-Zeev et al., 2012; Hoerster et al., 2012; Vogt, 2011; Westphal & Convoy, 2015).”
BackgroundPTSD Risk and Mental Health Care Engagement in a Multi-War Era Community Sample of Women Veterans
Washington, D. L., Davis, T. D., Der‐Martirosian, C., & Yano, E. M. (2013) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2303-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Angel, C. M., Smith, B. P., Pinter, J. M., Young, B. B., Armstrong, N. J., Quinn, J. P., Brostek, D. F., Goodrich, D. E., Hoerster, K. D., & Erwin, M. S. (2018) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/iby050 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“For example, OEF/OIF veterans with mental health problems infrequently receive an adequate dose of mental health treatment [40] possibly due to stigma or instrumental barriers to care [42, 43].”
BackgroundVoth, M., Chisholm, S., Sollid, H., Jones, C., Smith-MacDonald, L., & Brémault-Phillips, S. (2022) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/26453 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…gap for those who require mental health treatment but are faced with barriers, such as stigma to visible help-seeking, long waiting times, a high mobility of their jobs, and geographic restrictions [8,30,33,34], all of which have been noted as problematic for the MMs, PSP, and veteran populations.”
Bonar, E. E., Bohnert, K. M., Walters, H., Ganoczy, D. A., & Valenstein, M. M. (2014) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.975718 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Resilience-based intervention for UK military recruits: a randomised controlled trial
Jones, N., Whelan, C., Harden, L., Macfarlane, A., Burdett, H. J., & Greenberg, N. L. (2018) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2018-105503 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
B, M. D. W., & W, P. E. B. (2015) · International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience · doi:10.4172/1522-4821.1000250 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The relationship of stigma in the Armed Forces is complicated by the military culture that places an emphasis on psychological resilience (Rona et al., 2004; Vogt, 2011).”
BackgroundValenstein-Mah, H. R., Kehle‐Forbes, S., Nelson, D. B., Danan, E. R., Vogt, D. S., & Spoont, M. R. (2019) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000428 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Male veterans may be more vulnerable to traditionally masculine messages of self-reliance (Vogt, 2011), which in turn, may make them less likely to fully engage in psychotherapy.”
BackgroundSelf-citationNichter, B., Hill, M. L., Norman, S. B., Haller, M. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mohatt, N. V., Boeckmann, R., Winkel, N., Mohatt, D. F., & Shore, J. (2017) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-16-00033 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Advances in PTSD Treatment Delivery: the Role of Digital Technology in PTSD Treatment
Kuhn, E., & Owen, J. E. (2020) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-020-00207-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Turchik, J. A., Bucossi, M. M., & Kimerling, R. E. (2014) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2014.892410 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…in other studies of mental health help seeking among veterans more generally, particularly the stigma-related barriers (e.g., Ouimette et al., 2011; Vogt, 2011), whereas others appear to be specifically related to the sexual trauma and were consistent with concerns commonly identified by sexual…”
ResultUK military doctors; stigma, mental health and help-seeking: a comparative cohort study
Jones, N., Whybrow, D., & Coetzee, R. H. (2018) · Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps · doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-000928 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Access to VA Services for Returning Veterans With PTSD
Shiner, B. R., Drake, R. E., Watts, B. V., Desai, R. A., & Schnurr, P. P. (2012) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00009 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chapman, P. L., Elnitsky, C., Pitts, B. L., Figley, C. R., Thurman, R. M., & Unwin, B. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00367 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Social Support and Mental Health Outcomes Among U.S. Army Special Operations Personnel
Russell, D. W., Benedek, D. M., Naifeh, J. A., Fullerton, C. S., Benevides, N., Ursano, R. J., Russell, C. A., Forsten, R. D., & Cacciopo, J. T. (2016) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1037/mil0000114 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…contexts (Hoge & Castro, 2012); therefore, building an organizational culture that encourages more informal social support could prove extremely important, especially when considering that service members are neither seeking nor fully utilizing the more formal forms of social support (Vogt, 2011).”
BackgroundWhealin, J. M., King, L., Shore, P., & Spira, J. L. (2017) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/0091217417703291 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Importance of US Military Cultural Competence
Meyer, E. G., & Wynn, G. H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7438-2_2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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“Stigma for seeking treatment is identified as a possible barrier to care, but the majority of studies examining stigma in military service members do not link the experience of stigma to seeking mental health care (Vogt, 2011).”
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“Among active duty and former military personnel, those that do not use the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare services (Veterans Health Administration [VHA]) are a vulnerable and understudied population (Vogt, 2011).”
Barriers to care for women veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms.
Lehavot, K., Der‐Martirosian, C., Simpson, T. L., Sadler, A. G., & Washington, D. L. (2013) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0031596 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Vogt, D.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vogt, Dawne
- ORCID
- Vogt, Dawne
- Venue
- Psychiatric Services
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 135-142
- ISSN
- 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
- 1075-2730
- 1557-9700
- OpenAlex
- W2135921044
- Cited by
- 371
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 37.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for PTSD, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Keywords
- mental health perceptions, barriers to mental health care, help-seeking, military personnel, veterans, public stigma
- MeSH terms
- Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Culture, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Military Personnel, Stereotyping, United States, Veterans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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