The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Structure of Racism in Color-Blind, “Post-Racial” America
Abstract
In this article, I describe the racial order of America in the post–Civil Rights era. First, I discuss what racism is all about and emphasize the centrality of conceiving the phenomenon in a structural way. Second, I argue that the “new racism,” or the set of mostly subtle, institutional, and seemingly nonracial mechanisms and practices that comprise the racial regime of “post-racial” America, has all but replaced the old Jim Crow order. Third, I describe the racial ideology of color-blind racism and its component parts (i.e., frames, style, and racial stories) and contend that, like the racial order, this new ideology is slippery and has a “beyond race” character. Fourth, I explain that the Obama moment is part of the new racism, color-blind period and justify my claim empirically. I conclude this essay pondering if people of color will wake up and realize that the new, more “civil” way of maintaining and justifying racial things is a more formidable way of maintaining racial domination.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“From Africa to the Americas, during the antebellum era, [New] Jim Crow, civil rights, and now”
From Next Wave of Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome Survivors (2021) · cites this paper as Bonilla-Silva, 2015
Citations
Cites
THE ELEMENTARY FORMS OF RELIGIOUS LIFE
Durkheim, É., & Swain, J. W. (1916) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.2307/3405938 · Cited by 10,708
Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays
Althusser, L., & Brewster, B. R. (1971) · Cited by 7,969
(1997) · Cited by 7,801
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass.
Fernandez, R. M., Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074502 · Cited by 6,191
When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor.
Scott, D. M., & Wilson, W. J. (1998) · African American Review · doi:10.2307/3042249 · Cited by 3,616
White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack (1989) 1
McIntosh, P. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781351133791-4 · Cited by 2,994
Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation
Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657316 · Cited by 2,760
Self-citationRacism without racists: color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-2956 · Cited by 2,685
Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory
Essed, P. (1991) · doi:10.4135/9781483345239 · Cited by 2,461
Pager, D., & Shepherd, H. R. (2008) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131740 · Cited by 2,178
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- 10.1177/000312249906400609 · DOI
- Bonilla-Silva E., 1999, Footnotes, 27, 6
- Ladner J. A., 1973, The death of white sociology: Essays on race and culture
- Marx K., 1975, Collected works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, 50
- National Urban League, 2013, State of Black America: Redeem the dream: Jobs rebuild America
- Tillotson M., 2011, Invisible Jim Crow: Contemporary ideological threats to the internal security of African Americans
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Interrogating Structural Racism in STEM Higher Education
McGee, E. O. (2020) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x20972718 · Cited by 513
Stress-Related Biosocial Mechanisms of Discrimination and African American Health Inequities
Goosby, B. J., Cheadle, J. E., & Mitchell, C. M. (2018) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053403 · Cited by 352
Racial Ideology or Racial Ignorance? An Alternative Theory of Racial Cognition
Mueller, J. C. (2020) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1177/0735275120926197 · Cited by 242
Bonam, C. M., Nair Das, V., Coleman, B. R., & Salter, P. (2019) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617751583 · Cited by 216
Riley, A. R. (2017) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0378-5 · Cited by 220
Drakulich, K., Wozniak, K. H., Hagan, J. L., & Johnson, D. (2020) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12239 · Cited by 202
Color-Blind Racism in Pandemic Times
Bonilla‐Silva, E. (2020) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/2332649220941024 · Cited by 161
Self-citation“From Fizzle to Sizzle!” Televised Sports News and the Production of Gender-Bland Sexism
Musto, M., Cooky, C., & Messner, M. A. (2017) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243217726056 · Cited by 138
The Forgotten Margins of AI Ethics
Birhane, A., Ruane, E., Laurent, T., Brown, M. S., Flowers, J., Ventresque, A., & Dancy, C. L. (2022) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3531146.3533157 · Cited by 160
Bañales, J., Aldana, A., Richards-Schuster, K. E., Flanagan, C. A., Diemer, M. A., & Rowley, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22266 · Cited by 103
Davis, J. T. (2018) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2018.1527939 · Cited by 97
“Black Like Me”: Reframing Blackness for Decolonial Politics
Dei, G. J. S. (2018) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00131946.2018.1427586 · Cited by 107
Conservative AI and social inequality: conceptualizing alternatives to bias through social theory
Zajko, M. (2021) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01153-9 · Cited by 83
Face mask symbolism in anti-Asian hate crimes
Ren, J., & Feagin, J. R. (2020) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2020.1826553 · Cited by 88
Toward an economic sociology of race
Hirschman, D., & Garbes, L. (2019) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwz054 · Cited by 90
Race and ethnic variation in college students’ allostatic regulation of racism-related stress
Cheadle, J. E., Goosby, B. J., Jochman, J. C., Tomaso, C. C., Kozikowski, C. B., & Nelson, T. D. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1922025117 · Cited by 86
Joseph-Salisbury, R., & Connelly, L. (2018) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci7110219 · Cited by 79
Carter, N. M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190053550.001.0001 · Cited by 83
Beaman, J., & Petts, A. L. (2020) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12774 · Cited by 78
Revisiting Erik Erikson’s Legacy on Culture, Race, and Ethnicity
Syed, M., & Fish, J. (2018) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2018.1523729 · Cited by 90
Slaten, C. D., Elison, Z. M., Lee, J., Yough, M. S., & Scalise, D. A. (2016) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000016633506 · Cited by 87
Moving Beyond a Culture of Niceness in Faculty Hiring to Advance Racial Equity
Liera, R. (2019) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831219888624 · Cited by 70
White Supremacy and the Web of Family Science: Implications of the Missing Spider
Walsdorf, A. A., Jordan, L. S., McGeorge, C. R., & Caughy, M. O. (2020) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12364 · Cited by 71
Towards a Concept of Political Robustness
Sørensen, E., & Ansell, C. (2021) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0032321721999974 · Cited by 76
Stories Untold: Counter-Narratives to Anti-Blackness and Deficit-Oriented Discourse Concerning HBCUs
Williams, K. L., Burt, B. A., Clay, K. L., & Bridges, B. K. (2018) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831218802776 · Cited by 87
Race, African Americans, and Psychoanalysis: Collective Silence in the Therapeutic Situation
Powell, D. R. (2018) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/0003065118818447 · Cited by 66
Duarte, C., Moses, C., Brown, M., Kajeepeta, S., Prins, S. J., Scott, J. T., & Mujahid, M. S. (2022) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14922 · Cited by 82
How we learn whiteness: Disciplining and resisting management knowledge
Liu, H. (2021) · Management Learning · doi:10.1177/13505076211061622 · Cited by 71
Jim Crow and Black Economic Progress after Slavery
Althoff, L., & Reichardt, H. (2024) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjae023 · Cited by 70
Disentangling engineering education research's anti‐Blackness
Holly, J. (2020) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20364 · Cited by 59
Light Privilege? Skin Tone Stratification in Health among African Americans
Hargrove, T. W. (2018) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/2332649218793670 · Cited by 69
Rigolon, A., Yañez, E., Aboelata, M. J., & Bennett, R. (2022) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2022.103792 · Cited by 60
Goosby, B. J., Straley, E., & Cheadle, J. E. (2017) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-017-9439-z · Cited by 57
Digital prediction technologies in the justice system: The implications of a ‘race-neutral’ agenda
Ugwudike, P. (2020) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480619896006 · Cited by 57
“Canadian Experience” discourse and anti-racialism in a “post-racial” society
Ku, J., Bhuyan, R., Sakamoto, I., Jeyapal, D., & Fang, L. (2018) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2018.1432872 · Cited by 46
Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research
Hansen, H., Parker, C. M., & Netherland, J. (2020) · Science Technology & Human Values · doi:10.1177/0162243920912812 · Cited by 57
Bloch, K. R., Taylor, T., & Martinez, K. M. (2019) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2019.1648844 · Cited by 52
Killen, M., Burkholder, A. R., D’Esterre, A. P., Sims, R. N., Glidden, J., Yee, K. M., Raz, K. L., Elenbaas, L., Rizzo, M. T., Woodward, B., et al. (2022) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13785 · Cited by 57
Doharty, N. (2019) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2019.1679751 · Cited by 67
Transforming the Role of RPPs in Remaking Educational Systems
Ishimaru, A. M., Barajas-López, F., Min, S., Scarlett, K., & Anderson, E. (2022) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x221098077 · Cited by 51
Literature Review of Social Justice in Music Education: Acknowledging Oppression and Privilege
Palmer, E. S. (2017) · Update Applications of Research in Music Education · doi:10.1177/8755123317711091 · Cited by 52
Amemiya, J. L., Mortenson, E., Heyman, G. D., & Walker, C. M. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221093593 · Cited by 63
Unmasking Racism: Students of Color and Expressions of Racism in Online Spaces
Eschmann, R. (2019) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spz026 · Cited by 48
Is it a rally or a riot? Racialized media framing of 2020 protests in the United States
Reid, J. C., & Craig, M. O. (2021) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2021.1973639 · Cited by 55
Women's Health: Population Patterns and Social Determinants
Short, S. E., & Zacher, M. L. (2022) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-030320-034200 · Cited by 52
Vega, B. E., Liera, R., & Boveda, M. (2022) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584221095074 · Cited by 49
An overstated welcome: Brexit and intentionally masked anti-immigrant sentiment in the UK
Creighton, M. J., & Jamal, A. (2020) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2020.1791692 · Cited by 47
Training for War: Academy Socialization and Warrior Policing
Simon, S. J. (2021) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spab057 · Cited by 47
Evidence-Based Strategies for Improving Diversity and Inclusion in Undergraduate Research Labs
Ahmad, A. S., Sabat, I. E., Trump-Steele, R. C. E., & King, E. B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01305 · Cited by 46
Rodolfa, K. T., Salomon, E., Haynes, L., Mendieta, I. H., Larson, J., & Ghani, R. (2020) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3351095.3372863 · Cited by 50
Imagining in Oppressive Contexts, or What’s Wrong with Blackface?
Zheng, R., & Stear, N.-H. (2023) · Ethics · doi:10.1086/723257 · Cited by 45
Are guns the new dog whistle? Gun control, racial resentment, and vote choice*
Schutten, N. M., Pickett, J. T., Burton, A. L., Jonson, C. L., Cullen, F. T., & Burton, V. S. (2021) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12292 · Cited by 38
Knighton, J.-S., Dogan, J., Hargons, C., & Stevens-Watkins, D. (2022) · Ethnicity & Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2020.1818695 · Cited by 38
“Racism continues to plague African Americans despite proclamations of a post-racial society (Bonilla-Silva 2015).”
BackgroundEveryday racism and constructions of racial/ethnic difference in and through football talk
van Sterkenburg, J., Peeters, R., & van Amsterdam, N. (2019) · European Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/1367549418823057 · Cited by 38
Intersectionality in Feminist and Queer Movements
Evans, E., & Lépinard, É. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429289859 · Cited by 53
Sisco, S. T. (2020) · Advances in Developing Human Resources · doi:10.1177/1523422320948885 · Cited by 40
AI and Blackness: Toward Moving Beyond Bias and Representation
Dancy, C. L., & Saucier, P. K. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society · doi:10.1109/tts.2021.3125998 · Cited by 42
Tomorrow I’ll Be at the Table: Black Geographies and Urban Planning: A Review of the Literature
Brand, A. L., & Miller, C. (2020) · Journal of Planning Literature · doi:10.1177/0885412220928575 · Cited by 37
Sarmiento, C. S. (2021) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/00420980211020912 · Cited by 36
Education Coverage in Television News: A Typology and Analysis of 35 Years of Topics
Coe, K., & Kuttner, P. J. (2018) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858417751694 · Cited by 40
‘Post-race’ racisms in the narratives of ‘Brexit’ voters
Patel, T., & Connelly, L. (2019) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0038026119831590 · Cited by 35
'Race', Ethnicity and Racism in Sports Coaching
Bradbury, S., Lusted, J., & van Sterkenburg, J. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780367854287 · Cited by 37
Karlsson, N., Lila, M., Gracia, E., & Wemrell, M. (2020) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801220940403 · Cited by 59
Bing, L., Pettit, B., & Slavinski, I. (2022) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2022.8.2.06 · Cited by 41
Ulbricht, J., Schachner, M. K., Civitillo, S., & Juang, L. P. (2024) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2024.2361890 · Cited by 51
Bancroft, S. F. (2018) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21474 · Cited by 33
How Does Structural Racism Operate (in) the Contemporary US Criminal Justice System?
Lee, H. (2023) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-022422-015019 · Cited by 35
Strukturell rasisme i en strukturelt inkluderendevelferdsstat?
Midtbøen, A. H. (2021) · Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning · doi:10.18261/issn.1504-291x-2021-01-09 · Cited by 31
Mesman, J., de Bruijn, Y., van Veen, D., Pektas, F., & Emmen, R. A. G. (2022) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13784 · Cited by 30
“Black Children Are an Endangered Species”: Examining Racial Framing in Social Movements
Luna, Z. T. (2017) · Sociological Focus · doi:10.1080/00380237.2018.1412233 · Cited by 29
Sisco, S. T., Hart-Mrema, T. S., & Aderibigbe, E. (2021) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2020.1860387 · Cited by 27
Midtbøen, A. H., & Quillian, L. (2021) · Søkelys på arbeidslivet · doi:10.18261/issn.1504-7989-2021-03-04-02 · Cited by 28
Godkhindi, P., Nussey, L., & O’Shea, T. M. (2022) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-022-00672-y · Cited by 33
The Immune System Is a Complex System: Inflammatory Morbidity and Systemic Racism
Goosby, B. J., & Cheadle, J. E. (2024) · KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1007/s11577-024-00952-4 · Cited by 27
Talking Color-Blind: Justifying and Rationalizing Attitudes Toward Interracial Marriages in Sweden
Törngren, S. O. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74630-2_6 · Cited by 26
“Daniel was racist”: Individualizing racism when teaching about the Civil Rights Movement
Wills, J. S. (2019) · Theory & Research in Social Education · doi:10.1080/00933104.2019.1583620 · Cited by 25
Embodying the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competency Movement: Voices From the Field
Nassar‐McMillan, S. C., & Singh, A. A. (2020) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12320 · Cited by 26
Breazu, P., & Eriksson, G. (2020) · Discourse & Communication · doi:10.1177/1750481320982153 · Cited by 26
Using humor to disguise racism in television news: the case of the Roma
Breazu, P., & Machín, D. (2021) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2021-0104 · Cited by 25
The Logic of Microaggressions Assumes a Racist Society
Syed, M. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691621994263 · Cited by 25
Mandelblatt, J. S., Antoni, M. H., Bethea, T. N., Cole, S. W., Hudson, B. I., Penedo, F. J., Ramírez, A. G., Rebeck, G. W., Sarkar, S., Schwartz, A. G., et al. (2024) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djae211 · Cited by 25
Prejudice in the People’s Game: A Content Analysis of Race/Ethnicity in Polish Televised Football
van Lienden, A., & van Sterkenburg, J. (2020) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/2167479520939486 · Cited by 25
Ko, D., Bal, A., Çakır, H. İ., & Kim, H. (2021) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146812112300201 · Cited by 24
Peck, A., Berkowitz, D., & Tinkler, J. E. (2021) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2021.1916663 · Cited by 20
Parents, Partners, and Professions: Reproduction and Mobility in a Cohort of College Women
Hamilton, L. T., & Armstrong, E. A. (2021) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/714850 · Cited by 26
Bogan, E. D., Adams‐Bass, V. N., Francis, L. A., Gaylord‐Harden, N. K., Seaton, E. K., Scott, J. C., & Williams, J. L. (2022) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/sop2.23 · Cited by 26
Ko, D., Bal, A., Bear, A. B., Sannino, A., & Engeström, Y. (2021) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2021.1969903 · Cited by 28
Ethnicity, racism and housing: discourse analysis of New Zealand housing research
Norris, A. N., & Nandedkar, G. (2020) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2020.1844159 · Cited by 24
Cucktales: Race, Sex, and Enjoyment in the Reactionary Memescape
Baspehlivan, U. (2024) · International Political Sociology · doi:10.1093/ips/olae026 · Cited by 21
Disproportionate increases in schizophrenia diagnoses among Black nursing home residents with ADRD
Fashaw‐Walters, S. A., McCreedy, E. M., Bynum, J., Thomas, K. S., & Shireman, T. I. (2021) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.17464 · Cited by 21
Breazu, P., & Machín, D. (2022) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404522000070 · Cited by 21
Brock‐Petroshius, K., García-Pérez, J., Gross, M., & Abrams, L. S. (2022) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.2022.2045233 · Cited by 22
The material effects of Whiteness: Institutional racism in the German welfare state
Lewicki, A. (2022) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00380261221108596 · Cited by 21
It’s Not How You Say It, It’s What You Say: Ambient Digital Racism and Racial Narratives on Twitter
Agudelo, F. I., & Olbrych, N. (2022) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051221122441 · Cited by 21
Social Networking Site Use: Implications for Health and Wellness
Wright, R. R., Evans, A. M., Schaeffer, C., Mullins, R., & Cast, L. (2021) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn26.2.165 · Cited by 25
Keaton, A. C. I. (2021) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2021.1944901 · Cited by 20
Palmgren, A., Åkerlund, M., & Viklund, L. (2023) · Media Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/01634437231179363 · Cited by 23
Winder, T. J. A. (2023) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/08912432231186999 · Cited by 25
The Sweden paradox: US far-right fantasies of a dystopian utopia
Åkerlund, M. (2023) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2023.2208293 · Cited by 19
Both‐Sideology Endangers Democracy and Social Science
Jost, J. T. (2024) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12633 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Bonilla-Silva, E.
- Affiliations
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Venue
- American Behavioral Scientist
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-05-28
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1358-1376
- ISSN
- 0002-7642 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3381
- OpenAlex
- W2127284217
- Cited by
- 549
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 63.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Behavioral Scientist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Movements and Cultural Identity
- Keywords
- colorblind racism, post-racialism, structural racism, new racism, racial ideology, racial order, Jim Crow, racial domination, Barack Obama, civil rights era
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review