Childhood trauma increases the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in response to first-episode psychosis
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the relationship between childhood trauma, post-traumatic stress symptoms due to the experience of childhood trauma, and post-traumatic stress symptoms due to the experience of psychosis. Method: The current study assessed childhood trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as a result of both childhood trauma and psychosis using the Impact of Events Scale - Revised, in a group of 36 people with first-episode psychosis. Results: Reported rates of clinical level post-psychotic PTSD symptoms, childhood trauma and childhood trauma-related clinical level PTSD symptoms were 47% (95% CI 31–64%), 64% (95% CI 48–80%) and 39% (95% CI 23–55%), respectively. Reporting childhood trauma increased the risk of developing post-psychosis PTSD 27-fold (95% CI 2.96–253.80, p = 0.01). Having childhood trauma-related PTSD increased the risk of developing post-psychosis PTSD 20-fold (95% CI 3.38–123.25, p = 0.01). These risks were not explained by illness factors such as duration of untreated psychosis, age of onset or severity of psychotic symptoms. Those without post-psychotic PTSD symptoms at clinical levels were unlikely to report childhood trauma (6%; 95% CI 3–8%). Conclusions: These results suggest the cognitive, social and biological consequences of childhood trauma can prevent effective recovery from the trauma of acute first-episode psychosis resulting in post-psychotic PTSD. Treatment strategies for post-psychotic PTSD must address childhood trauma and related PTSD.
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Psychosis itself can function as an adverse event for individuals with psychotic disorders.
“several studies have suggested that psychosis itself can function as an AE for individuals with PDs [5–8], resulting in similarly poor outcomes.”
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(2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780190201326.002.0005
Buswell, G., Haime, Z., Lloyd‐Evans, B., & Billings, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432765
Buswell, G., Haime, Z., Lloyd‐Evans, B., & Billings, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432768
McCarthy, J. M., Dow, J. F., Shepherd, J. M., & Mueser, K. T. (2026) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.70099
- Authors
- Bendall, S., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Hulbert, C. A., McGorry, P. D., & Jackson, H. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Venue
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35-39
- ISSN
- 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1614
- OpenAlex
- W2030483810
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 15.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Melbourne
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- childhood trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, first-episode psychosis, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, recovery from psychosis, trauma treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotic Disorders, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse
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