The DOI matches its Crossref record; 647 of the 648 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders
Abstract
Objectives: To provide advice and guidance regarding the management of mood disorders, derived from scientific evidence and supplemented by expert clinical consensus to formulate s that maximise clinical utility. Methods: Articles and information sourced from search engines including PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Google Scholar were supplemented by literature known to the mood disorders committee (e.g. books, book chapters and government reports) and from published depression and bipolar disorder guidelines. Relevant information was appraised and discussed in detail by members of the mood disorders committee, with a view to formulating and developing consensus-based recommendations and clinical guidance. The guidelines were subjected to rigorous consultation and external review involving: expert and clinical advisors, key stakeholders, professional bodies and specialist groups with interest in mood disorders. Results: The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists mood disorders clinical practice guidelines 2020 (MDcpg 2020 ) provide up-to-date guidance regarding the management of mood disorders that is informed by evidence and clinical experience. The guideline is intended for clinical use by psychiatrists, psychologists, primary care physicians and others with an interest in mental health care. Conclusion: The MDcpg 2020 builds on the previous 2015 guidelines and maintains its joint focus on both depressive and bipolar disorders. It provides up-to-date recommendations and guidance within an evidence-based framework, supplemented by expert clinical consensus. Mood disorders committee: Gin S Malhi (Chair), Erica Bell, Darryl Bassett, Philip Boyce, Richard Bryant, Philip Hazell, Malcolm Hopwood, Bill Lyndon, Roger Mulder, Richard Porter, Ajeet B Singh and Greg Murray.
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“Two (10%) other CPGs stated that withdrawal symptoms and relapse should be differentiated from each other when discontinuing antidepressants, but without considering the potential overlap of symptoms between these situations.3,44”
From Clinical practice guideline recommendations on tapering and discontinuing antidepressants for depression: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“one (5%) of the CPGs suggested that patients in high risk of severe discontinuation symptoms reduce the dose first to the minimal effective dose, then halve that dose, and then ‘reduce more slowly in small decrements, allowing 2 weeks for each dose reduction, according to how the tablet can be divided. [...] once minimum effective dose is achieved, reduce the dose by no more than 50% weekly’. 3”
From Clinical practice guideline recommendations on tapering and discontinuing antidepressants for depression: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“and for tapering tricyclic antidepressants in one (5%) of the CPGs, recommending ‘a slow taper over a longer period of time’. 3”
From Clinical practice guideline recommendations on tapering and discontinuing antidepressants for depression: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Only two (10%) of the CPGs, however, explicitly recommended that patients should discontinue their antidepressant after maintenance treatment 3 or continuation treatment; 28”
From Clinical practice guideline recommendations on tapering and discontinuing antidepressants for depression: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
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Palliative care in cardiovascular medicine
Cekaj, E., Sand, F., Vogel, D. H. V., Spieth, P. M., Schrage, B., Uribarri, A., Roeck, F. D., Riera, J., Pappalardo, F., Mangner, N., et al. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag219 · Cited by 3
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InfluentialLafer, B., Neves, L. M., Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Nierenberg, A. A., Olagunju, A. T., Goldstein, B. I., Vieta, E., Koning, E., et al. (2026) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.70164 · Cited by 2
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Self-citationPsychodynamic practice in psychiatry
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BackgroundInfluentialFactors associated with self-perceived treatment-resistance in bipolar disorder
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“35 Lithium stood out as the drug associated with the least non-affective psychiatric morbidity preceding the onset of BD, which is in line with the literature on its unparalleled efficacy in “classical” BD. 23 In addition to the known associations and partly predictable clustering of medications…”
Prediction of Vitamin D and Serotonin levels with increased risk Depressive in Adolescent Students
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“29 However, our results raise doubts about the relevance of indirect comparisons as a decision-making tool, and provide empirical support for the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) approach for NMAs, which considers the certainty of evidence for all direct,…”
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“Treatment will depend on the diagnosis: depressive disorder (psychotherapy and anti-depressants), mania, or mixed state (mood stabilizers and/or atypical antipsychotics) 22,24,25 .”
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Karambelas, G. J., Allott, K., Byrne, L. K., Jayasinghe, A., Hasty, M. K., Macneil, C. A., Watson, A., Filia, K., & Cotton, S. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100840 · Cited by 2
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“19 We also observed increases in initiation of benzodiazepines (regardless of cause of death) and antidepressants (for people who did not die by medicine poisoning only).”
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Time to re-evaluate the risks and benefits of valproate and a call for action
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Malo, P. K., Bhaskarapillai, B., & Kesavan, M. (2022) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176221114392 · Cited by 2
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MethodInfluentialBases biológicas del mindfulness y su aplicación en la práctica clínica
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“Por otra parte, múltiples guías de práctica clínica recomiendan el uso de terapias basadas en mindfulness para patologías como los trastornos del afecto (13-16), el dolor osteomuscular (17) o el alivio de síntomas de entidades, como el síndrome de intestino irritable, sobre todo aquellas manifestaciones exacerbadas po…”
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Acne keloidalis nuchae: A rare side effect of long-term lithium therapy
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Malhi, G. S., & Bell, E. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009182232.005 · Cited by 2
Self-citationThoughtful prescribing for patients with difficult-to-treat depression
Soubolsky, A., Visentin, J. D., & Crawley, A. (2023) · Canadian Family Physician · doi:10.46747/cfp.6911777 · Cited by 2
“2,5,8,13,22,23 Delaying medication change can be controversial.”
Biomarkers for Bipolar Disorder
O’Leary, E., Dodd, S., & Berk, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43356-6_14 · Cited by 2
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The case for discontinuation of the ‘discontinuation syndrome’
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ICD-11 and bipolar II disorder: so much ado and yet nothing new
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Self-citationO’Dea, B., Subotic-Kerry, M., Borchard, T., Parker, B., Vilus, B., Iorfino, F., Whitton, A. E., Harris‐Roxas, B., Wade, T. D., de Valle, M. K., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.09.12.24312088 · Cited by 2
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Efficacité et tolérance de l’électroconvulsivothérapie en psychiatrie, une mise au point
Sauvaget, A., Bulteau, S., Raphaël Gaillard, B., & Laurin, A. (2023) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/j.banm.2023.02.005 · Cited by 1
The engagement of psychology with complementary medicine: A critical integrative review
Thomson-Casey, C., Adams, J., & McIntyre, E. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21201 · Cited by 1
“Despite other health and mental health professions incorporating CM [66,68 – 71], there appears to be little consideration of CM within psychology.”
BackgroundExploring the role of nutrition in mental health: A narrative review
Bhat, N., Dahal, A., Shakya, Y., & Dhungana, N. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatrists Association of Nepal · doi:10.3126/jpan.v12i1.59429 · Cited by 1
“13 The intricate interplay between nutrition and mental health is rooted in the possible finding of its underlying mechanism, elucidat - ed in later portions of the article.”
BackgroundOff-label prescribing of psychotropics in a psychiatric patient population in Australia
Kyrios, M., Levido, J., Talbot, D., & Harris, A. W. F. (2024) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562241237659 · Cited by 1
“…(Table 1), whether prescribed medication constituted an on-or off-label prescription (as determined by The Royal Australia New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, RANZCP, and/or the TGA 7,8 ), presence of consent for medication prescription, and adverse events relating to medication prescription.”
BackgroundTreatment resistant but not irremediable
Malhi, G. S., Bell, E., Le, U. T. T., Boyce, P. M., & Berk, M. (2024) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.13490 · Cited by 1
“4 A major concern was prescribing a second course of rTMS, which has a limited evidence base, 1 and after failing to respond with ECT.”
Self-citationBostock, E. C. S., Nevarez‐Flores, A. G., Neil, A. L., Pontes, H. M., & Kirkby, K. C. (2024) · Journal of Participatory Medicine · doi:10.2196/56970 · Cited by 1
“Mania can appear independently, leading to unipolar mania [12,13].”
Lifelong Pharmacoprophylaxis in Bipolar Disorder: Holy Grail or Hollow Promise?
Grover, S., & Menon, V. (2025) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176251313523 · Cited by 1
“7 The maintenance treatment of BD typically involves long-term use of psy-chotropics, often lifelong, with the goal of preventing further episodes; available treatment guidelines widely support this approach.”
Kautzky, A., Pettersson, E., Amin, R., Akhtar, A., Tanskanen, A. J., Taipale, H. T., Wancata, J., Gémes, K., & Mittendorfer‐Rutz, E. (2025) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.70007 · Cited by 1
“Despite also being listed among first-line recommendations by several treatment guidelines [43, 44], the well-tolerated aripiprazole did not gain comparable traction and was only used by roughly 2.4% of nonrefugee and 1.9% of refugee patients diagnosed in 2014–2018.”
InfluentialTornquist, D., Guimarães, M. E. A., dos Santos, E. B., Teixeira, J. A., de Oliveira, J., Waclawovsky, A. J., Zanetti, A. C. G., Pires, D. A., da Silva, D. R. P., de Jesus‐Moraleida, F. R., et al. (2025) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2025.100682 · Cited by 2
Characteristics of deaths related to lithium toxicity in Australia, 2000–2024
Darke, S. G., Duflou, J. A., Peacock, A., Lim, J. S., Havard, A., Farrell, M., & Lappin, J. (2025) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674251336037 · Cited by 1
“Lithium’s use as a mood stabiliser is well established and recommended in international clinical guidelines for mood disorders (Malhi et al., 2021).”
The Role of Temperament Traits in Bipolar Disorder: Neuroimaging Study
Markin, K. V., Trufanov, A. G., Tarumov, D. A., Krasichkov, A. S., Shichkina, Y. A., & Kupriyanov, M. S. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/5974860 · Cited by 1
“According to these proposed models, diagnostic dif fi culties may be mitigated by focusing on the severity of dysfunction within each domain [13].”
de Souza, L. N., de Araújo, S. M., Paiva, E. D. S., da Silva, A. E., Neto, J. F. D. C., de Assis, J. C. L., dos Santos, Í. K., Soares, T. C. M., Pinto, E. F., Júnior, R. R. D. S., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0314846 · Cited by 1
“Various international guidelines, such as those from the United Kingdom and Australia, recommend physical exercise as part of depression treatment [16,17].”
Bai, Y., Yang, H., Chen, J., Wang, L., Wang, Z., Shen, X., Sun, J., & Liu, T. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07111-9 · Cited by 1
“As a typical mood stabilizer (MS), lithium has been recommended worldwide as a first-line psychopharmaco-logic strategy for bipolar and related disorders [1–3].”
Balanzá‐Martínez, V., Galdámez-Huertas, A., Sánchez‐Ortí, J. V., Kapczinski, F. P., Boni, R. B. D., Pomarol‐Clotet, E., & Rheenen, T. E. V. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116618 · Cited by 1
“These multimodal approaches could be beneficial to improve clinical outcomes in mental illnesses (Firth et al., 2019; Malhi et al., 2021).”
Guo, Y., Zhang, B., Cai, C., Tang, Q., Lei, Z., Chen, J., Zheng, X., Lei, S., Zhang, W., Zi, D., et al. (2025) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2025.117459 · Cited by 1
Levati, E., Zazzara, M. B., Iurlaro, A., Marzetti, E., Calvani, R., Pahor, M., Picca, A., Tosato, M., Landi, F., Bernabei, R., et al. (2025) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-025-01266-0 · Cited by 1
“[25–27] In light of these considerations, how can we interpret results of the present study?”
Choi, W.-S., Woo, Y. S., Bahk, W., Kim, N.-Y., Park, S., Kim, W., Lee, J. G., Yang, C.-M., Sung, H. M., Wang, S., et al. (2025) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2025.64.3.178 · Cited by 1
Hopwood, M., Codyre, D., Barton, D., Scott, E. M., Puig, A., King, J., & Hickie, I. B. (2025) · Research Directions Depression · doi:10.1017/dep.2025.10001 · Cited by 1
“While treatment for depression is effective in many people, an estimated one-third of people with MDD have treatment-resistant depression (TRD) (Al-Harbi 2012; Malhi et al. 2021; World Health Organization 2017).”
Self-citationTolerability of Antidepressants in Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Small Case Series
Kochetkova, L., You, D., Yeung, S. T. A., & Mahmood, D. (2025) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.70203 · Cited by 1
The off-label use of psychotropic medicines in paediatric patients in Australian primary care
Tanana, L., Harrison, C. M., Nishtala, P. S., & Chen, T. F. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116763 · Cited by 1
Du, Z., Shi, L., Zhou, Q., Lu, R., Zhou, Z., & Zhu, H. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02133-6 · Cited by 1
“The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists’ clinical practice guide - lines for mood disorders recommend combining strength and vigorous aerobic exercise at least two to three times per week [19].”
O’Neill, S., Minehan, M., Knight-Agarwal, C. R., Lewis, V., & Pyne, D. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1692643 · Cited by 2
“Lifestyle changes are increasingly promoted to improve treatment outcomes for individuals living with MDD. Current guidelines for treatment of mood disorders recommend lifestyle modification, including diet, as a first line intervention (50).”
Hyperbolic tapering of antidepressants: where are we now?
Horowitz, M. A., & Wilcock, M. (2025) · Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin · doi:10.1136/dtb.2024.000065 · Cited by 1
“52 53 It may be unappreciated that the linear tapering approach recommended also lacks randomised evidence and is derived from expert consensus rather than empirical research.”
Ranwala, R. A. D. L. M. K., Roughead, E. E., Calabretto, J., & Andrade, A. Q. D. (2025) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.70267 · Cited by 1
Galbally, M., Bobevski, I., Power, J., MacMillan, K. K., & Spigset, O. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.12.008 · Cited by 1
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Ecologically‐Valid Emotion Signatures Enhance Mood Disorder Diagnostics
Xu, S., Li, L., Luo, T., Huang, G., Zhang, L., Becker, B., & Liang, Z. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202505524 · Cited by 2
“These disorders are characterized by persistent emotional dysregulation, including pervasive sadness, or loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed (anhedonia) [ 3, 4 ].”
Mixed depression: Toward a conceptual framework
Deep, R. (2026) · Future Health · doi:10.25259/fh_97_2025 · Cited by 1
Lei, E., Wan, K.-W., Dai, Z.-H., & Tam, B. T. (2026) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002781 · Cited by 2
Ellis, K. A., Lai, R., Curran, E. M., Southam, J. A., Moorhead, R. A., Cox, K. L., Mancuso, S. G., Westphal, A., Chong, T. W. H., Rego, T. W. H., et al. (2026) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/80040 · Cited by 1
“Our findings add to the established literature showing the important positive effect that exercise can play in improving mood; a finding reflected in clinical practice guidelines in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia [63-65].”
Yang, J., Jia, Y., Chen, K., Liang, W., Long, J., Li, M., Wei, Q., Wang, J., Yan, B., Li, K., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1740789 · Cited by 1
Factors associated with long-term hypnotics use in depression
Nygren, A., Karlsson, P., Tiger, M., Brenner, P., Gembert, K., Zhang, Z., Qu, Y., Tiihonen, J., Taipale, H. T., & Reutfors, J. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121415 · Cited by 1
Advances in antidepressant pharmacotherapy: phase 3 evidence and clinical perspectives
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“[65].”
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Effects of 6-months of SSRI use on DNA-methylation and gene expression in blood
Barker, L. F., McRae, A. F., Yuen, H. P., Henders, A. K., Wallace, L. M., Lin, T., Davyson, E., Phassouliotis, C., Spark, J., Kerr, M., et al. (2026) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106520 · Cited by 1
“Major depressive disorder is estimated to affect between 11–15% of Australians during their lifetime (Malhi et al., 2021; Bromet et al., 2011).”
Antidepressant Prescribing in Australian Primary Care: Time to Reevaluate
Malhi, G. S., Bell, E., Szymaniak, K., Boyce, P. M., & Looi, J. C. (2026) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.70155 · Cited by 1
Self-citationTrends in pharmacotherapy and guideline comparisons in bipolar disorder: a narrative review
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The Grounded Minds Consortium: Researching the soil, gut, brain, and mind connection
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Quality Improvement Project: Implementation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Modified for Teens
Gerber, H. (2026) · International Journal of Nursing · doi:10.15640/ijn.v13p1
Aerobic Exercise and Subthreshold Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents
Yan, X., Shao, R., Jin, J., Lu, W., Jiang, Z., Zhang, G., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Tian, X., Stubbs, B., et al. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.21568 · Cited by 1
Chow, C.-Y., Wong, V. W.-H., & Ho, F. Y. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122319 · Cited by 1
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Metadata
- Authors
- Malhi, G. S., Bell, E., Bassett, D., Boyce, P., Bryant, R., Hazell, P., Hopwood, M., Lyndon, B., Mulder, R., Porter, R., Singh, A. B., & Murray, G.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Perth, WA, Australia
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Malhi, Gin S
- ORCID
- Venue
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-12-22
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-117
- ISSN
- 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1614
- OpenAlex
- W3145708260
- Semantic Scholar
- aebe450498c0d007898716e02f680b40b9ae3f78
- Cited by
- 614
- References
- 648
- Citations by year
- 2026: 115 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 117 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 40.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- RANZCP
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Keywords
- mood disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, depression treatment, bipolar disorder management
- MeSH terms
- Australia, Humans, New Zealand, Psychiatry, Societies, Medical, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Mood Disorders
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