The DOI matches its Crossref record; 647 of the 648 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders
Abstract
Objectives: To provide advice and guidance regarding the management of mood disorders, derived from scientific evidence and supplemented by expert clinical consensus to formulate s that maximise clinical utility. Methods: Articles and information sourced from search engines including PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Google Scholar were supplemented by literature known to the mood disorders committee (e.g. books, book chapters and government reports) and from published depression and bipolar disorder guidelines. Relevant information was appraised and discussed in detail by members of the mood disorders committee, with a view to formulating and developing consensus-based recommendations and clinical guidance. The guidelines were subjected to rigorous consultation and external review involving: expert and clinical advisors, key stakeholders, professional bodies and specialist groups with interest in mood disorders. Results: The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists mood disorders clinical practice guidelines 2020 (MDcpg 2020 ) provide up-to-date guidance regarding the management of mood disorders that is informed by evidence and clinical experience. The guideline is intended for clinical use by psychiatrists, psychologists, primary care physicians and others with an interest in mental health care. Conclusion: The MDcpg 2020 builds on the previous 2015 guidelines and maintains its joint focus on both depressive and bipolar disorders. It provides up-to-date recommendations and guidance within an evidence-based framework, supplemented by expert clinical consensus. Mood disorders committee: Gin S Malhi (Chair), Erica Bell, Darryl Bassett, Philip Boyce, Richard Bryant, Philip Hazell, Malcolm Hopwood, Bill Lyndon, Roger Mulder, Richard Porter, Ajeet B Singh and Greg Murray.
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“Two (10%) other CPGs stated that withdrawal symptoms and relapse should be differentiated from each other when discontinuing antidepressants, but without considering the potential overlap of symptoms between these situations.3,44”
From Clinical practice guideline recommendations on tapering and discontinuing antidepressants for depression: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“one (5%) of the CPGs suggested that patients in high risk of severe discontinuation symptoms reduce the dose first to the minimal effective dose, then halve that dose, and then ‘reduce more slowly in small decrements, allowing 2 weeks for each dose reduction, according to how the tablet can be divided. [...] once minimum effective dose is achieved, reduce the dose by no more than 50% weekly’. 3”
From Clinical practice guideline recommendations on tapering and discontinuing antidepressants for depression: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“and for tapering tricyclic antidepressants in one (5%) of the CPGs, recommending ‘a slow taper over a longer period of time’. 3”
From Clinical practice guideline recommendations on tapering and discontinuing antidepressants for depression: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Only two (10%) of the CPGs, however, explicitly recommended that patients should discontinue their antidepressant after maintenance treatment 3 or continuation treatment; 28”
From Clinical practice guideline recommendations on tapering and discontinuing antidepressants for depression: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
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rTMS and treatment-resistant depression: The need to consider class action!
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InfluentialRatheesh, A., Gates, J., Hammond, D., Shelton, C. L., Macneil, C. A., Hasty, M. K., Dhar, A. K., D’Alfonso, S., Schmaal, L., Kessing, L. V., et al. (2025) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.70060 · Cited by 7
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“The 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders.”
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“…(H1)—a class of drugs, as established in the background to this study, prescribed for many conditions [76, 77], with potentially severe discontinuation effects [18], but considered low risk due to both their sometimes short-term use and guidelines indicating minimal discontinuation effects [17].”
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“Recently, attempts have been made to supplement the problems within each guideline by modifying the accepted guidelines that converge expert opinions and evidence-based treatments from meta-analyses or systemic reviews [4].”
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“Therefore, treatment options are built up around suicide prevention, and now we can access both pharmacological and non-pharmacological options 57,58 .”
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“To inform busy clinicians fully about thesematters, the CPG includes a box (Box 13, page 43) that provides a succinct overview.(1)”
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“This initiative was prompted by concerns from some College members as expressed through a Members Requisition General Meeting (MRGM) regarding the LTPP findings of the 2020 RANZCP Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) for mood disorders (Malhi et al., 2021).”
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Self-citationMindfulness-Integrated Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: a Scoping Review of Randomised Controlled Trials
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“In evidence-based treatment guidelines, MBCT is also consistently the only MBI recommended for depression (APA, 2019; Katzman et al., 2014; Malhi et al., 2021; NICE, 2021, 2022).”
Clinical practice guidelines for the management of bipolar disorder: 2025 update
Menon, V., Ganesh, R., Deep, R., Sarkhel, S., Goswami, S., Mohapatra, D., Munoli, R. N., Sharma, P., Reddy, M., & Muralidharan, K. (2026) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/indianjpsychiatry_1186_25 · Cited by 5
“ECT is also considered relatively safe in pregnancy and postpartum BD. [163,238,239] Evidence suggests remission rates of up to 70% in acute mania and 50%–60% in bipolar depression; response rates are typically higher.”
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“Clinical guidelines in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia have incorporated physical activity as a recommended adjunctive treatment for depression 10,30,31 .”
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“Although the currently used treatment guidelines (Kendrick et al., 2022; Lam et al., 2024; Malhi et al., 2021) underwent a significant evolution over the past decades, they generally fail to address subtypes of depression and provide minimal guidance on how to address different within-category…”
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Brexpiprazole versus placebo or other antidepressive agents for treating depression
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Mental health problems associated with idiopathic anaphylaxis
Gardner, L. S., Tan, Z., Brown, D. A., Gillis, D., Scott, J. G., & Prentice, R. (2023) · Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1186/s13223-023-00824-0 · Cited by 4
“…of emotional problems, and these could most likely be addressed by mental health education and some easy to implement psychological strategies and lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, improving sleep hygiene, mindfulness, relaxation techniques and restructuring of unhelpful cognitions [29].”
BackgroundExternal Evaluation of Population Pharmacokinetics Models of Lithium in the Bipolar Population
Lereclus, A., Boniffay, A., Kallée, G., Blin, O. J., Belzeaux-R, R., Dayan, F., Bénito, S., & Guilhaumou, R. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16111627 · Cited by 4
“To ensure safety and avoid toxic adverse events, international guidelines recommend the close monitoring of concentrations through therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) [12], even though studies have found that the prevalence of TDM for lithium was low [13,14].”
BackgroundParker, G. B., Tavella, G., Spoelma, M. J., & Sazhin, V. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.190 · Cited by 5
Shiner, C. T., Li, I., Millard, M., & Mahoney, A. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2024.2389208 · Cited by 4
“…emotions [40–42]. cBt is a first-line psychological treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders that is supported by a robust evidence-base [43,44]. cBt has also been explored to promote psychological adjustment and treat anxiety and depressive symptoms experienced within the context of a…”
Barber, M., Gardner, J., Liknaitzky, P., & Carter, A. (2024) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12545 · Cited by 6
O'Brien, D., Healy, A. M., Harkin, A., & Cadogan, C. A. (2025) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/bcp.70082 · Cited by 5
Ramadan, S., Tay, L., Kaur, H., Parrish, T., Abdelmoteleb, S., Totlani, J., Tadros, E., Hirsch, D., Murphy, N., Meyer, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119778 · Cited by 4
McAllister-Williams, H., Aaronson, S. T., Conway, C., Demyttenaere, K., Fitzgerald, P. B., Loo, C. K. A., Mitchell, P., Rush, A. J., Sackeïm, H. A., & Young, A. H. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211013090 · Cited by 4
“Rather than TRD or DTD, adoption of a ‘response perspective’ model (proposed by Malhi et al., 2020b) is recommended (section 9.4, pp. 87– 90).”
MethodInfluentialDouglas, K. M., Inder, M., Crowe, M., Jordan, J., Carlye, D., Lacey, C. J., Beaglehole, B., Mulder, R., Eggleston, K., Donovan, K. A., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03747-z · Cited by 4
“Patients will be accepted into the trial on any medication regimen, with treating psychiatrists using clinical judgment and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders to inform medication management decisions [49].”
MethodSelf-citationDepressão pós-parto e psicose puerperal: uma revisão de literatura
Izoton, R. G., Cattaneo, A., Leite, V. T., Castro, M. G. D. O., Linheiro, C. V., de Albuquerque, S. R. C., de Souza, L. S. C., Rodrigues, B. C., & Lopes, B. A. (2022) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e11409.2022 · Cited by 4
Malhi, G. S., Bell, E., Bassett, D. L., Boyce, P. M., Hazell, P., Hopwood, M., Lyndon, B., Mulder, R., Porter, R., & Murray, G. (2023) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562231159329 · Cited by 4
“compared to those made by the recently published NICE guidelines.(1) The latter were chosen because of the rigour with which the evidence was examined and because the time period surveyed overlapped with that examined by the MDcpg(2020).”
ResultSelf-citationMind Matters: A Critical Look at Malaysia's Postnatal Depression Policy for Women's Mental Health
Alimuddin, A. S., Shukor, N. A. M., Soh, S. Y., Bon, R. S., Mahmud, A. A., Samad, F. D. A., Ismail, N., & Asiff, M. H. (2023) · Women s Health Reports · doi:10.1089/whr.2023.0027 · Cited by 4
A naturalistic effectiveness study of maintenance therapies for the bipolar disorders
Spoelma, M. J., Leidreiter, J., Bayes, A. J., Jebejian, A., & Parker, G. B. (2023) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13646 · Cited by 3
“Given the primacy of lithium in treatment recommendations for the bipolar disorders (and especially BP-I), 6,21 – 23 our efficacy finding was consistent with that literature.”
BackgroundResultMalhi, G. S., Bell, E., Boyce, P. M., Hopwood, M., Murray, G., Mulder, R., Porter, R., Singh, A., & Bassett, D. L. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211010233 · Cited by 4
Self-citationKorean Medication Algorithm Project for Bipolar Disorder 2022: Rapid Cycling
Jeong, J., Bahk, W., Woo, Y. S., Yoon, B.-H., Seo, J. S., Choo, I. H., Yang, C.-M., Kim, W., Lee, J. G., Shim, S.-H., et al. (2022) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2022.61.3.204 · Cited by 4
What are the real costs of rTMS?
Malhi, G. S., Bell, E., & Mannie, Z. N. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211023969 · Cited by 4
Self-citationPrecision in psychiatry—A roadmap to translate neurobiological measures to the clinic
Korgaonkar, M. S. (2021) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.13160 · Cited by 4
Miller, R. K., O'Moore, K., Kikas, K., Matheson, J.-A. T., Whitton, A. E., Baldwin, P., Li, S., Black, M., Kampel, L., Cockayne, N., et al. (2025) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/68789 · Cited by 3
“Depression and anxiety are two of the most prevalent mental disorders globally, and psychothera-pies are currently recommended as first-line treatments for both disorders, either alone or in combination with pharma-cotherapies [4,5].”
Crouse, J. J., Loblay, V., Jorm, A., Wong, T. R., de Haan, Z., Gorban, C., Shin, M., Tonini, E., Aiken, C., Alloy, L. B., et al. (2026) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.70141 · Cited by 3
“Some CPGs do indeed give strong attention to chronobiology regarding the aetiology and pathophysiology of BD (e.g., 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists CPG [31]) whereas others do not.”
Self-citationAgomelatine bears promising potential in treating bipolar depression– a systematic review
Li, J., Luo, H., & Luo, Q. (2024) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2024.2436177 · Cited by 3
“The 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guidelines(Malhi et al., 2021) cover a broad spectrum of BD with a focus on long-term treatment.”
Ketamine for unipolar depression: A systematic review of efficacy and safety
Peiris, T. E., Pokhrel, A., & Paudel, Y. (2025) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562251328805 · Cited by 3
Wang, M., Lu, S., Hao, L., Chen, N., & Xia, Y. (2025) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s529339 · Cited by 3
Leung, C. K., Yu, A. P., Bernal, J. D. K., Recchia, F., Fong, D., Wong, S. H., Chan, D. K. C., Capio, C. M., Yu, C. C.-W., Wong, S. W. S., et al. (2025) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2025-110371 · Cited by 4
The growing divide: Income inequities in access to mental healthcare in Australia
Black, N., Jayawardana, D., Johnston, D. W., & Trinh, T. (2025) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2025.100580 · Cited by 3
Ethnopsychopharmacology: Clinical and scientific writing pearls
Leung, J. G. (2023) · Mental Health Clinician · doi:10.9740/mhc.2023.12.276 · Cited by 3
Medications and cognitive risk in Aboriginal primary care: a cross‐sectional study
Holdaway, M., Hyde, Z., Hughson, J., Malay, R., Stafford, A. C., Fulford, K., Radford, K. A., Flicker, L. A., Smith, K., Pond, D. C., et al. (2023) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.16323 · Cited by 4
“31 Prescription of antidepressants over longer periods is relatively common in Australian general practice, which may highlight an opportunity for re-evaluation of treat-ment or deprescribing of antidepressants for some.”
BackgroundChallenges in the Treatment of Psychotic Bipolar Depression
Pastrana, M. A. C., Flores, J. C. I., & Rothschild, A. J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001879 · Cited by 3
Wrobel, A. L., Turner, M., Dean, O. M., Berk, M., Sylvia, L. G., Thase, M. E., Deckersbach, T., Tohen, M. F., McInnis, M. G., Kocsis, J. H., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116197 · Cited by 3
Kisely, S. R., Spilsbury, K., Bull, C. F., Jordan, S. J., Kendall, B. J., Siskind, D. J., Sara, G. E., Protani, M. M., & Lawrence, D. M. (2024) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796024000787 · Cited by 3
“…antipsychotics necessitate a specific authority code indicating whether the condition being treated is schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder while lithium is predominantly used for the latter although it also sometimes prescribed for treatment-resistant depression (Malhi et al. , 2021).”
Fredskild, M. U., Bruun, C. F., Vinberg, M., Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Kessing, L. V., & Munkholm, K. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.125 · Cited by 5
Downey, P. M., Collins, J. C., El‐Den, S., & O’Reilly, C. L. (2025) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640251384126 · Cited by 3
“Many caregivers expressed a strong preference for non-pharmacological treatments, such as psychotherapy, particularly for conditions like mild to moderate depression and anxiety, in line with clinical guidelines (Andrews et al., 2018; Hopkins et al., 2015; Malhi et al., 2021; Walter et al., 2020).”
Bourke, M., Judge-Mears, B., Guo, B., & Fortnum, K. (2025) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2025.2590489 · Cited by 4
“Consequently, physical activity has been identified by several bodies including the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (Malhi et al., 2021), the European Psychiatric Association (Cleare et al., 2015) and the British Association for Psychopharmacology (Stubbs et al., 2018) as an…”
Onyeaka, H., Zambrano, J., Szlyk, H. S., Celano, C. M., Baiden, P., Muoghalu, C., Enemuo, V., Ayisire, O. E., Huffman, J. C., Torous, J. B., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276221116081 · Cited by 3
Evidenzbasierte stationäre Psychotherapie bipolarer Störungen
Martini, J., Soltmann, B., Herzog, K., Hautzinger, M., Bauer, M., & Pfennig, A. (2023) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-022-01432-w · Cited by 3
Afghanistan National Depression Screening (ANDs) scale: development and psychometric testing
Neyazi, A., Mohammadi, A. Q., Rahimi, B. A., Razaqi, N., Afzali, H., Noormohammadi, M., & Neyazi, M. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00172-z · Cited by 3
“Beyond the realm of ordinary mood fluctuations, depression engenders a pervasive impact on cognitive, affective, and behavioral domains, thereby significantly impairing daily functioning [3].”
Karambelas, G. J., Byrne, L. K., Allott, K., Jayasinghe, A., Watson, A., Hasty, M. K., Macneil, C. A., Filia, K., & Cotton, S. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3000 · Cited by 3
Yang, H., Wu, M., Huang, W., Yu, H., Teng, C., Yang, H., Liang, H., Zhang, Y., Wei, Z., Tang, Z., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.210 · Cited by 3
Tundo, A., Betrò, S., de Filippis, R., Felici, R., Lucangeli, C., & Iommi, M. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12092064 · Cited by 3
“Among the different pharmacological strategies proposed for the treatment of TRD, AD augmentation with a second-generation antipsychotic (SGA), mostly aripiprazole, currently has the best evidence of efficacy [7,8], is approved by the FDA, and is recommended by international guidelines [9–11].”
BackgroundDeterminants of Adherence to The Mediterranean Diet and Depressive Symptoms in Turkish Young Adults
Ceylan, J. A., & Gümüş, A. B. (2025) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences · doi:10.30621/jbachs.1530196 · Cited by 3
Lee, J., Choi, S., Lee, D.-E., Kang, H.-W., Lee, J., & Kim, J.-H. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26052162 · Cited by 3
“Current treatment options for MDD—including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)—are widely recognized as first-line therapies [5–7].”
Truong, T. T. T., Lago, J., Neil, J., Wilkes, F., Barnes, R., Hopwood, M., & Singh, A. (2025) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674251369625 · Cited by 4
“This delay is thought to be linked to slower metabotropic processes, although the exact mechanism of psychotropic drug efficacy remains unclear, reflecting the complexity of the human brain (Malhi et al., 2021).”
Self-citationSupporting Maternal and Child Mental Health Through Dietary Changes Focused on the Gut Microbiota
Dawson, S. L., Finlay‐jones, A. L., Ball, L., Rocks, T., & Jacka, F. N. (2022) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20220126-01 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Malhi, G. S., Bell, E., Bassett, D., Boyce, P., Bryant, R., Hazell, P., Hopwood, M., Lyndon, B., Mulder, R., Porter, R., Singh, A. B., & Murray, G.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Perth, WA, Australia
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Malhi, Gin S
- ORCID
- Venue
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-12-22
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-117
- ISSN
- 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1614
- OpenAlex
- W3145708260
- Semantic Scholar
- aebe450498c0d007898716e02f680b40b9ae3f78
- Cited by
- 614
- References
- 648
- Citations by year
- 2026: 115 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 117 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 40.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- RANZCP
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Keywords
- mood disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, depression treatment, bipolar disorder management
- MeSH terms
- Australia, Humans, New Zealand, Psychiatry, Societies, Medical, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Mood Disorders
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