The DOI matches its Crossref record; 180 of the 182 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Racism and Psychological and Emotional Injury: Recognizing and Assessing Race-Based Traumatic Stress
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to discuss the psychological and emotional effects of racism on people of Color. Psychological models and research on racism, discrimination, stress, and trauma will be integrated to promote a model to be used to understand, recognize, and assess race-based traumatic stress to aid counseling and psychological assessment, research, and training.
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“racial trauma produces similar clinical symptoms to that of PTSD (Carter, 2007).”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Carter, 2007
In the citing paper
“BIPOC individuals rarely identify with one single occurrence of racial trauma. Instead, they generally find themselves within two main categories of traumatic experiences based on their skin color: major racial trauma and everyday racial trauma”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Carter, 2007
In the citing paper
“The scale is based on the race-based traumatic stress injury theory previously developed by Carter (2007).”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Carter, 2007
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 · Cited by 3,371
Race, socioeconomic status, and health: Complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities
Williams, D. R., Mohammed, S. A., Leavell, J. P., & Collins, C. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05339.x · Cited by 1,548
Lewis, T. T., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728 · Cited by 1,060
Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2014) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0037564 · Cited by 849
Perceived Racism and Mental Health Among Black American Adults: A Meta-Analytic Review
Pieterse, A. L., Todd, N. R., Neville, H. A., & Carter, R. T. (2012) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026208 · Cited by 649
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Carter, R. T.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carter, Robert T.
- ORCID
- Carter, Robert T.
- Venue
- The Counseling Psychologist
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-105
- ISSN
- 0011-0000 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3861
- OpenAlex
- W2138480196
- Cited by
- 1,316
- References
- 182
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 126 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 150 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 32.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Counseling Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- racism, psychological harm, psychological trauma, people of color, racial trauma, discrimination, stress, trauma, psychological assessment, counseling
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