CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,316Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchCounseling Practices and SupervisionSocial and Intergroup Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 180 of the 182 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Racism and Psychological and Emotional Injury: Recognizing and Assessing Race-Based Traumatic Stress

Carter, Robert T.·2007·The Counseling Psychologist
DOI 10.1177/0011000006292033
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to discuss the psychological and emotional effects of racism on people of Color. Psychological models and research on racism, discrimination, stress, and trauma will be integrated to promote a model to be used to understand, recognize, and assess race-based traumatic stress to aid counseling and psychological assessment, research, and training.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0011000006292033

Cites

180 of 180 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 41

  1. Akbar, M., 1984, Chains and images of psychological slavery
  2. Ani, M., 1996, Ethics, higher education, and social responsibilities, 1
  3. Biasco, F., 2001, College Student Journal, 35, 523
  4. Boone, M. L., Neumeister, D. W. & Charney, C. L. (2003). In R. J. Usano & A. E. Norwood (Eds.), Trauma and disaster: Responses and management (pp. 1-30). Washington, DC.: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  5. Carter, R. T., 1995, Race and racial identity in psychotherapy: Toward a racially inclusive model
  6. Carter, R. T., 2004, Disaster response to communities of Color: Cultural responsive intervention
  7. Carter, R. T., 2005, Handbook of racial-cultural counseling and psychology: Theory and research, xv
  8. Carter, R. T., 2005, Handbook of racial-cultural psychology and counseling: Training and practice, 447
  9. Carter, R. T., 2005, Racism as a predictor of psychological injury: Implications for psychology and the law
  10. Carter, R. T., American College of Forensic Examiners Conference
  11. Carter, R. T., 2005, Handbook of racial-cultural psychology and counseling: Theory and research, 41
  12. Dovidio, J. F., 1998, Racism: The problem and the response, 123
  13. Feagin, J. R., 2000, Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future directions
  14. Feagin, J. R., 1995, White racism
  15. Feagin, J. R., 2001, White racism
  16. Franklin, A. J., 2004, From brotherhood to manhood: How black men rescue their relationships and dreams from the invisibility syndrome
  17. Franklin, D. C., 2007, Journal of Black Psychology, 33
  18. Freire, P., 1993, Pedagogy of the oppressed
  19. Gary, L. E., 1995, Social Work Research, 19, 207
  20. Helms, J. E., 1999, Using race and culture in counseling and psychotherapy
  21. Jackson, J. S., 1996, Ethnicity and Disease, 6, 132
  22. Jones, J. M., 1997, Prejudice and racism
  23. Jones, J. M., 1998, Confronting racism: The problem and the response, 280
  24. Jones, J. M., 1996, Impacts of racism on white America, 1
  25. Kessler, R. C., 1997, Social Policy, 27, 27
  26. 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.197 · DOI
  27. Kulka, R. A., 1990, The national Vietnam veterans readjustment study
  28. 2003, Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary
  29. Neighbors, H., 2001, Ethnicity & Disease, 11, 800
  30. 10.1037/0022-0167.48.1.10 · DOI
  31. 10.1037/0022-006X.60.3.409 · DOI
  32. 10.1037/0022-006X.60.3.409 · DOI
  33. Omi, M., 1986, Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s
  34. Perkins, D. V., 1982, Handbook of stress, 320
  35. Prilleltensky, I., 1994, The morals and politics of psychology
  36. Prilleltensky, I., 1995, The culture of psychology reader, 652
  37. 10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.373 · DOI
  38. Sue, D. W., 2003, Counseling the culturally diverse
  39. Taylor, S. E., 1999, Health psychology
  40. Thompson, C. E., 1997, Racial identity theory: Applications to individual, group, and organizational interventions
  41. Utsey, S. O., 2002, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 32, 149

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 1,316

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Carter, R. T.
Affiliations
Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author
Carter, Robert T.
ORCID
Carter, Robert T.
Venue
The Counseling Psychologist
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2007-01
Volume
35
Issue
1
Pages
13-105
ISSN
  • 0011-0000 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-3861
DOI
10.1177/0011000006292033
OpenAlex
W2138480196
Cited by
1,316
References
182
Citations by year
2026: 95 · 2025: 126 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 150 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 37
FWCI
32.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
The Counseling Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords
racism, psychological harm, psychological trauma, people of color, racial trauma, discrimination, stress, trauma, psychological assessment, counseling

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review