Cited by 685Statistical Methods and Bayesian InferencePsychometric Methodologies and TestingSurvey Methodology and Nonresponse

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Handling Item-Level Missing Data: Simpler Is Just as Good

Parent, Mike C.·2013·The Counseling Psychologist

DOI 10.1177/0011000012445176

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Abstract

The topic of missing data has been receiving increasing attention, with calls to apply advanced methods of handling missingness to counseling psychology research. The present study sought to assess whether advanced methods of handling item-level missing data performed equivalently to simpler methods in designs similar to those counseling psychologists typically engage in. Results of an initial preliminary analysis, an analysis using real-world data, and a series of simulation studies were used in the present investigation. Results indicated that available case analysis, mean substitution, and multiple imputation had similar results across low levels of missing data, though in data with higher levels of missing data and other problems (e.g., small sample size or scales with weak internal reliability) mean substitution produced inflation of correlation coefficients among items. The present results support the use of available case analysis when dealing with low-level item-level missingness.

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BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“, missing more than 50% of the total number of items excluding demographic items) or entries missing more than 20% of items on the acculturation and enculturation measures (the primary measures of interest) were removed from analyses (the 20% criterion falls within the tolerance range studied or recommended by prior r…”
Method
Efficacy of an Internet-based self-help intervention with human guidance or automated messages to alleviate loneliness: a three-armed randomized controlled trial
Seewer, N., Skoko, A., Käll, A., Andersson, G., Luhmann, M., Berger, T., & Krieger, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57254-0 · Cited by 27
“Accordingly, for scales with missing values at the item level, the scale scores were calculated with the available data 84 .”
Method
Deciding on couple therapy: The role of masculinity in relationship help-seeking.
Parnell, K. J., & Hammer, J. H. (2017) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000098 · Cited by 33
Psychometric Evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale in Two Canadian Armed Forces Samples
Plouffe, R. A., Easterbrook, B., Liu, A., McKinnon, M. C., Richardson, J. D., & Nazarov, A. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211044198 · Cited by 31
Effects of Difficulty in Handling Emotions and Social Interactions on Nomophobia: Examining the Mediating Role of Feelings of Loneliness
Valenti, G. D., Bottaro, R., & Faraci, P. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00888-w · Cited by 33
“Thus, missing data were handled by applying the mean imputation technique, which can be considered an adequate procedure when the percentage of missing data is low and when data are missing completely at random (MCAR) (Cook, 2021; Parent, 2012).”
Self-compassion and Body Checking Among Women: the Mediating Role of Stigmatizing Self-perceptions
Huellemann, K. L., & Calogero, R. M. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01420-8 · Cited by 24
“Thus, we used the listwise deletion to handle missing data (Parent 2013).”
Method
Roles of Perceived Provider Cultural Sensitivity and Health Care Justice in African American/Black Patients’ Satisfaction with Provider
Tucker, C. M., Moradi, B., Wall, W. A., & Nghiem, K. N. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-014-9397-0 · Cited by 28
“Sufficient data was defined as not missing more than 20 % of the 47 items across all measures in the analyses and not missing an entire scale or subscale of interest (e.g., Parent, 2012).”
Method
Skin tone surveillance, depression, and life satisfaction in Indian women: Colour-blind racial ideology as a moderator
Prusaczyk, E., & Choma, B. L. (2018) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.10.001 · Cited by 20
Predictors of sexual minority men’s sexual objectification of other men
Szymanski, D. M., Mikorski, R., & Dunn, T. L. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519832669 · Cited by 23
Sexual Objectification, Internalization, and College Women’s Depression: The Role of Shame
Szymanski, D. M. (2019) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000019878847 · Cited by 27
Who’s the ‘bigger’ man? Parsing the relationships between masculinity and men’s muscularity dissatisfaction
Cunningham, M. L., Nagata, J. M., Frederick, D. A., Rodgers, R. F., Lavender, J. M., Szabó, M., & Murray, S. B. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.04.003 · Cited by 26
Adolescent Sexting: The Role of Body Shame, Social Physique Anxiety, and Social Networking Site Addiction
Ruiz, M. J., Sáez, G., Villanueva‐Moya, L., & Expósito, F. (2021) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0719 · Cited by 26
Internalization of the model minority myth and sociodemographic factors shaping Asians/Asian Americans' experiences of discrimination during COVID‐19
Yi, J., La, R., Lee, B. A., & Saw, A. (2022) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12635 · Cited by 23
“Using available item analysis (Parent, 2012), we did not drop any respondents, as only missing one item on the scales resulted in at least 80% or more of the items completed.”
Method
Predictors of Weight Restoration in a Day-Treatment Program that Supports Family-Based Treatment for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa
Martin‐Wagar, C. A., Holmes, S. C., & Bhatnagar, K. A. C. (2018) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2018.1528085 · Cited by 24
“As such, we utilized participant mean substitution (Parent, 2013).”
Method
The Roles of Job-Related Psychosocial Factors and Work Meaningfulness in Promoting Nurses’ Bridge Employment Intentions
Peng, Y., Xu, X. V., Jex, S. M., & Chen, Y. (2019) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845318824666 · Cited by 23
“Following Parent (2013), missing values were replaced via series mean for the calculated variables and for the missing data points on organizational tenure and work hours per week.”
Method
Bisexual men’s sexual health: A test of minority stress theory.
Polihronakis, C. J., Velez, B. L., & Brewster, M. E. (2020) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000304 · Cited by 23
Associations between social media use, fitness- and weight-related online content, and use of legal appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs and substances
Ganson, K. T., Nguyen, L., Ali, A. R. H., Hallward, L., Jackson, D. B., Testa, A. M., & Nagata, J. M. (2023) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101736 · Cited by 23
Understanding the Career Aspirations of Diverse Community College Students
Gregor, M. A., Pino, H. V. G. D., González, A., Soto, S., & Dunn, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072719849872 · Cited by 23
The Association Between Demographic, Mental Health, and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Variables and Undergraduate Women’s Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration
Holmes, S. C., Johnson, N. L., Zlotnick, C., Sullivan, T. P., & Johnson, D. M. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520907354 · Cited by 22
Remorse, psychopathology, and psychopathy among adolescent offenders.
Spice, A., Viljoen, J. L., Douglas, K. S., & Hart, S. D. (2015) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000137 · Cited by 23
Understanding Commitment
Womack, A., Leuty, M. E., Bullock‐Yowell, E., & Mandracchia, J. T. (2016) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845316676904 · Cited by 22
“Mean substitution was used to address the remaining missing data points (e.g., 14 missing items at most for a single participant, with 37 participants missing at least 1 item, for a total of 108 data points) given the very small amount of missing data (<.01% missing total; Parent, 2013).”
BackgroundMethod
The efficacy of the Strength, Hope and Resourcefulness Program for people with Parkinson's disease (SHARP-PWP): A mixed methods study
Murdoch, K. C., Larsen, D. J., Edey, W., Arsenault, C. L., Howell, A. J., Joyce, A. S., Sandham, T., & Miyasaki, J. M. (2019) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.11.010 · Cited by 22

Authors: Parent, M. C.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
Corresponding author: Parent, Mike C.
ORCID: Parent, Mike C.
Venue: The Counseling Psychologist
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2012-05-10
Volume: 41
Issue: 4
Pages: 568-600
ISSN: 0011-0000 (ISSN-L)
1552-3861
DOI: 10.1177/0011000012445176
OpenAlex: W2169361290
Cited by: 685
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 22.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Counseling Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Keywords: missing data handling, available case analysis, mean substitution, multiple imputation, counseling psychology research, simulation study, internal consistency, small sample size

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Handling Item-Level Missing Data: Simpler Is Just as Good

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