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Handling Item-Level Missing Data: Simpler Is Just as Good

Parent, Mike C.·2013·The Counseling Psychologist

DOI 10.1177/0011000012445176

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Abstract

The topic of missing data has been receiving increasing attention, with calls to apply advanced methods of handling missingness to counseling psychology research. The present study sought to assess whether advanced methods of handling item-level missing data performed equivalently to simpler methods in designs similar to those counseling psychologists typically engage in. Results of an initial preliminary analysis, an analysis using real-world data, and a series of simulation studies were used in the present investigation. Results indicated that available case analysis, mean substitution, and multiple imputation had similar results across low levels of missing data, though in data with higher levels of missing data and other problems (e.g., small sample size or scales with weak internal reliability) mean substitution produced inflation of correlation coefficients among items. The present results support the use of available case analysis when dealing with low-level item-level missingness.

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Method
Translation and validation of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 in Brazilian adults
Junqueira, A. C. P., Laus, M. F., Almeida, S. S., Costa, T. M. B., Todd, J., & Swami, V. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.10.002 · Cited by 56
“You better not leave me shaming!”: Conditional indirect effect analyses of anti-fat attitudes, body shame, and fat talk as a function of self-compassion in college women
Webb, J. B., Fiery, M. F., & Jafari, N. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.04.009 · Cited by 53
“Given the relatively modest amount of issing data and evidence supporting a pattern of missing comletely at random (MCAR; Little’s X2(865) = 904.8, p = .17) we used he recommended available item analysis data replacement stratgy (Parent, 2013).”
MethodInfluential
Heterosexist discrimination and LGBQ activism: Examining a moderated mediation model.
Dunn, T. L., & Szymanski, D. M. (2017) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000250 · Cited by 53
The Madonna-Whore Dichotomy Is Associated With Patriarchy Endorsement: Evidence From Israel, the United States, and Germany
Kahalon, R., Bareket, O., Vial, A. C., Sassenhagen, N., Becker, J. C., & Shnabel, N. (2019) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684319843298 · Cited by 52
An Examination of the Applicability of Social Cognitive Career Theory for African American College Students
Dickinson, J., Abrams, M. D., & Tokar, D. M. (2016) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072716658648 · Cited by 54
Stranger Harassment and PTSD Symptoms: Roles of Self-Blame, Shame, Fear, Feminine Norms, and Feminism
Carretta, R. F., & Szymanski, D. M. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01073-5 · Cited by 51
“As such, missing values were imputed from each participant’s observed scores on the measure where missing points happen (Parent, 2013).”
A Moderated Mediation Test of Minority Stress
Velez, B. L., & Moradi, B. (2016) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000016665467 · Cited by 60
“Of these cases, 273 (34% of total) were removed from the dataset because they were missing more than 20% of the data analyzed in this study, which exceeds the recommended level of tolerable missingness (Parent, 2013).”
Background
Traditional and Modern Convenience Samples: An Investigation of College Student, Mechanical Turk, and Mechanical Turk College Student Samples
Weigold, A., & Weigold, I. K. (2021) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393211006847 · Cited by 49
rempsyc: Convenience functions for psychology
Thériault, R. (2023) · The Journal of Open Source Software · doi:10.21105/joss.05466 · Cited by 49
“…allows reporting item-level missing values per scale, as well as participant’s maximum number of missing items by scale, as per recommendations (Parent, 2013). extract_duplicates() creates a data frame of only observations with a duplicated ID or participant number, so they can be…”
Background
The effects of advertisements that sexually objectify women on state body dissatisfaction and judgments of women: The moderating roles of gender and internalization
Krawczyk, R., & Thompson, J. K. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.001 · Cited by 57
Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology among a national sample of Canadian adolescents and young adults
Ganson, K. T., Hallward, L., Cunningham, M. L., Rodgers, R. F., Murray, S. B., & Nagata, J. M. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.01.001 · Cited by 49
Neighborhood disorder, spiritual well-being, and parenting stress in African American women.
Lamis, D. A., Wilson, C. K., Tarantino, N., Lansford, J. E., & Kaslow, N. J. (2014) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036373 · Cited by 47
“Available item analysis was used for item-level missingness (Parent, 2013).”
Method
Examining moderators of discrimination and subjective well-being among LGB individuals.
Douglass, R. P., Conlin, S. E., Duffy, R. D., & Allan, B. A. (2016) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000187 · Cited by 49
“Parent (2013) demonstrated that, compared to more advanced methods of data imputation, mean imputation can be used when there is a small amount of missing data (e.g., 10%), as in this study where only 56 total items for the entire sample were missing out of a possible 27,600 items ( 0.21%).”
MethodInfluential
Minority stress and racial or ethnic minority status: A test of the greater risk perspective.
Velez, B. L., Watson, L. B., Cox, R., & Flores, M. J. (2017) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000226 · Cited by 45
The Effects of System Justifying Beliefs on Skin-Tone Surveillance, Skin-Color Dissatisfaction, and Skin-Bleaching Behavior
Choma, B. L., & Prusaczyk, E. (2018) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684317747845 · Cited by 49
“Where there were missing items, available item analysis was used (Parent, 2013).”
Method
Infant adrenocortical reactivity and behavioral functioning: relation to early exposure to maternal intimate partner violence
Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A., Lonstein, J. S., Martinez‐Torteya, C., Muzik, M., Granger, D. A., & von Eye, A. (2015) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2015.1108303 · Cited by 45
Discrimination, religious and cultural factors, and Middle Eastern/Arab Americans’ psychological distress
Ikizler, A. S., & Szymanski, D. M. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22584 · Cited by 45
An Inhospitable World: Exploring a Model of Objectification Theory With Trans Women
Comiskey, A., Parent, M. C., & Tebbe, E. A. (2019) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684319889595 · Cited by 48
“Any missing data present in the structural equation model were handled using full information maximum likelihood estimation (Parent, 2013).”
MethodSelf-citation
Untangling the dorsal diencephalic conduction system: a review of structure and function of the stria medullaris, habenula and fasciculus retroflexus
Roman, E., Weininger, J., Lim, B., Roman, M., Barry, D., Tierney, P., O’Hanlon, E., Levins, K., O’Keane, V., & Roddy, D. (2020) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-020-02069-8 · Cited by 44
“As such using the SPSS 24 “compute” command, the MEAN function was used to generate an available analysis (AIA) scale for the missing data (Parent 2013).”
Method
Racial Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms among Latina/o College Students: The Role of Racism-Related Vigilance and Sleep
Pichardo, C. M., Molina, K. M., Rosas, C. E., Uriostegui, M., & Sánchez-Johnsen, L. (2020) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-020-09304-1 · Cited by 45
“(Parent 2013).”
Method

Authors: Parent, M. C.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
Corresponding author: Parent, Mike C.
ORCID: Parent, Mike C.
Venue: The Counseling Psychologist
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2012-05-10
Volume: 41
Issue: 4
Pages: 568-600
ISSN: 0011-0000 (ISSN-L)
1552-3861
DOI: 10.1177/0011000012445176
OpenAlex: W2169361290
Cited by: 685
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 22.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Counseling Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Keywords: missing data handling, available case analysis, mean substitution, multiple imputation, counseling psychology research, simulation study, internal consistency, small sample size

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Handling Item-Level Missing Data: Simpler Is Just as Good

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