The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Effects of Nonnormal Distributions on Confidence Intervals Around the Standardized Mean Difference: Bootstrap and Parametric Confidence Intervals
Abstract
The standardized group mean difference, Cohen’s d, is among the most commonly used and intuitively appealing effect sizes for group comparisons. However, reporting this point estimate alone does not reflect the extent to which sampling error may have led to an obtained value. A confidence interval expresses the uncertainty that exists between d and the population value, δ, it represents. A set of Monte Carlo simulations was conducted to examine the integrity of a noncentral approach analogous to that given by Steiger and Fouladi, as well as two bootstrap approaches in situations in which the normality assumption is violated. Because d is positively biased, a procedure given by Hedges and Olkin is outlined, such that an unbiased estimate of δ can be obtained. The bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap confidence interval using the unbiased estimate of δ is proposed and recommended for general use, especially in cases in which the assumption of normality may be violated.
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Citations
Cites
Distribution Theory for Glass's Estimator of Effect Size and Related Estimators
Hedges, L. V. (1981) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164588 · Cited by 5,695
Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research
GLASS, G. V. (1976) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x005010003 · Cited by 4,890 · cited 1×
“5), a complication that will be dealt with momentarily (note that Glass’s g′ is a variation on δ, where the group mean difference is divided by the control group standard deviation rather than the pooled within-group standard deviation; Glass, 1976).”
BackgroundStatistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations.
Wilkinson, L., & Task Force on Statistical Inference (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.8.594 · Cited by 2,791
Cited by
Lakens, D. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863 · Cited by 10,303
Statistical properties of four effect-size measures for mediation models
Miočević, M., O’Rourke, H. P., MacKinnon, D. P., & Brown, H. C. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0870-1 · Cited by 200
Dzhambov, A. M., Hartig, T., Tilov, B., Atanasova, V., Makakova, D. R., & Dimitrova, D. D. (2019) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108708 · Cited by 144
Sahdra, B. K., Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P. D., Marshall, S., & Heaven, P. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00263 · Cited by 128
Bjureberg, J., Sahlin, H., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Jokinen, J., Hellner, C., & Ljótsson, B. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1885-6 · Cited by 96
Bjureberg, J., Sahlin, H., Hellner, C., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Gratz, K. L., Bjärehed, J., Jokinen, J., Tull, M. T., & Ljótsson, B. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1527-4 · Cited by 84
Zhang, X., Li, Z., Zhang, M., Yin, M., Yang, Z., Gao, D., & Li, H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.141 · Cited by 56
Sahlin, H., Bjureberg, J., Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Bjärehed, J., Jokinen, J., Lundh, L.-G., Ljótsson, B., & Hellner, C. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016220 · Cited by 50
“CIs with a 95% margin for the effect sizes were calculated using 5000 bootstrap replications.(41) The bootstrap replications were clustered on participants.”
MethodThe Impact of APA and AERA Guidelines on effect size reporting
Peng, C.-Y. J., Chen, L.-T., Chiang, H.-M., & Chiang, Y.-C. (2013) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9218-2 · Cited by 46
Zhang, X., Li, H., Yin, M., Zhang, M., Li, Z., & Chen, Z. (2026) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2545464 · Cited by 21
Kurz, A. S., Bethay, J. S., & Ladner-Graham, J. M. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.06.003 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Kelley, K.
- Venue
- Educational and Psychological Measurement
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 51-69
- ISSN
- 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3888
- OpenAlex
- W1978994927
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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