Cited by 382Creativity in Education and NeurosciencePsychological and Educational Research StudiesEducation, Achievement, and Giftedness

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A Longitudinal Examination of the Fourth Grade Slump in Creativity

Torrance, E. Paul·1968·Gifted Child Quarterly

DOI 10.1177/001698626801200401

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Abstract

From September 1959 to May 1964 the children enrolled in a university and a public elementary school were tested each year with a battery of tests of creative thinking. Relatively complete data were obtained for 350 children. A random sample of 100 cases was drawn from this pool for further analysis. All raw scores were converted to standard or T-scores based on fifth grade comparison group norms. The results showed that when studied longitudinally, there are statistically significant slumps in fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration. Although from 45 to 61 percent of the subjects showed significant slumps (losses of five or more standard score points), there were a few who showed significant increases ranging from 11 percent on fluency to 38 percent on elaboration. There is a general recovery trend in the fifth grade but from 16 to 29 percent show decreases of five or more standard score points between the third and fifth grades. Many children end up with lower scores in the fifth grade than they attained in the third grade. The proportion ranges from 21 percent on elaboration to 52 percent on fluency. In general there is the strongest tendency for growth in elaboration and the weakest In fluency.

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Guiding creative talent.
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Self-citation
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Field, D., & Torrance, E. P. (1964) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3119124 · Cited by 448
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Hosford P. M., 1967, “Atlanta Public Schools: Psychological Services, 1966-67”
Torrance E. P., 1965, Rewarding Creative Behavior.

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Authors: Torrance, E. P.
Affiliations: University of Georgia (US)
Corresponding author: Torrance, E. Paul
Venue: Gifted Child Quarterly
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1968-12
Volume: 12
Issue: 4
Pages: 195-199
ISSN: 0016-9862 (ISSN-L)
1934-9041
DOI: 10.1177/001698626801200401
OpenAlex: W2117999054
Cited by: 381
References: 3
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 0.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Gifted Child Quarterly (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Educational Research Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Keywords: creativity, creative thinking, elementary school students, longitudinal change, fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration, grade level differences, creativity development

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A Longitudinal Examination of the Fourth Grade Slump in Creativity

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