COVID-19, Prolonged Grief Disorder and the role of social work
Open accessAbstract
The death rate that we are seeing from COVID-19 is unimaginable, with experts predicting the pandemic will ultimately claim hundreds of thousands of lives. The death toll has already far exceeded the total population of renown cities such as Miami, USA or Canberra, Australia. Behind each death listed as a statistic, there is a social network of family and friends who will be profoundly impacted by the loss. The usual funerals, rituals and customs that occur after a death are now the new casualty of the virus. Indisputably, restrictions are necessary to curb the spread; however, concerns are raised regarding how this will impede on the ‘normal’ grieving process. Undoubtedly, there will be a surge in persons developing bereavement complexities in future years, with a direct correlated link to COVID-19.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Restrictions may further exacerbate distress as family and friends are unable to say goodbye to loved ones in a way that satisfies their personal, cultural or religious practices.
“Restrictions may further exacerbate distress as family and friends are unable to say goodbye to loved ones in a way that satisfies their personal, cultural or religious practices (Johns et al., 2020).”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Johns et al., 2020
The Abstract says COVID-19 restrictions disrupt funerals, rituals and customs and may impede normal grieving for family and friends. It does not specifically say that people cannot say goodbye in ways that satisfy their personal, cultural or religious practices; the available copy contains no article body beyond the abstract. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in adult bereavement: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Lundorff, M., Holmgren, H., Zachariae, R., Farver-Vestergaard, I., & O’Connor, M. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.030 · Cited by 876 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Instead of grief reactions diminishing over time, the symptoms persist without reprieve, possibly lasting years or decades after the loss (Lundorff et al., 2017; Shear, 2012).”
BackgroundGrief and mourning gone awry: pathway and course of complicated grief
Shear, M. K. (2012) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2012.14.2/mshear · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Prolonged grief disorder following the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic
Eisma, M. C., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113031 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Bereavement Support on the Frontline of COVID-19: Recommendations for Hospital Clinicians
Selman, L. E., Chao, D., Sowden, R., Marshall, S., Chamberlain, C., & Koffman, J. (2020) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.024 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Treating Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Bryant, R. A., Kenny, L., Joscelyne, A., Rawson, N., Maccallum, F., Cahill, C., Hopwood, S., Aderka, I., & Nickerson, A. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1600 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Complicated Grief: Risk Factors, Protective Factors, and Interventions
Mason, T. M., Tofthagen, C., & Buck, H. G. (2020) · Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care · doi:10.1080/15524256.2020.1745726 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Sealey, M., O’Connor, M., Aoun, S. M., & Breen, L. J. (2015) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-015-0046-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bereavement in Times of COVID-19: A Review and Theoretical Framework
Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. A. W. (2020) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222820966928 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Tang, S., & Xiang, Z. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00669-5 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Social Work during the COVID-19 Crisis: Responding to Urgent Social Needs
Redondo-Sama, G., Matulic, V., Pascual, A. M., & de Vicente, I. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12208595 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Chen, C., & Tang, S. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1947563 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
COVID-19 and Disenfranchised Grief
Albuquerque, S., Teixeira, A. M., & Rocha, J. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.638874 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Exploring the Use of Virtual Funerals during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review
MacNeil, A., Findlay, B., Bimman, R., Hocking, T., Barclay, T., & Ho, J. (2021) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228211045288 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Uncertainty, shock and anger: Recent loss experiences of first‐wave COVID ‐19 pandemic in Italy
Cipolletta, S., Entilli, L., & Filisetti, S. (2022) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2604 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Vilca, L. W., Vivanco-Vidal, A., Saroli-Araníbar, D., Carbajal‐León, C., Gallegos, W. L. A., White, M., & Lee, S. A. (2021) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-021-00091-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cheung, J. C.-S. (2021) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/10497315211046846 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Using the Hackathon Model in Social Work Education
Cwikel, J., & Simhi, M. (2021) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615479.2021.1910654 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Causadías, J. M., Alcalá, L., Morris, K. S., Yaylaci, F. T., & Zhang, N. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2084744 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK.
Taylor, C., Lafarge, C., Cahill, S., Milani, R., & Görzig, A. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13772 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Asgari, Z., Naghavi, A., & Abedi, M. R. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1931984 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
COVID-19 and social work in health care in Canada: What are the impacts?
Cadell, S., Ashcroft, R., Furtado, J., Adamson, K., McConnell, S. M., & Teichman, S. (2022) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2022.2104985 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kgadima, N. P., & Leburu, G. E. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228211070149 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Prolonged grief disorder: A bibliometric analysis
Koukopoulos, A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2023) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2023.2196734 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Reitsma, L., Killikelly, C., Müller, H., Larsen, L. H., Nijborg, L. C. J., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.078 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hope during and Post-Disasters: Social Work’s Role in Creating and Nurturing Emancipatory Hope
Boddy, J., O’Leary, P., & Panagiotaros, C. V. (2021) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcab140 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Grief: A Prospective Survey Among Community Hospital Next-of-Kin
Edwards, A., Do, D., & Dao, T. (2022) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2022.0218 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wilson, L., Gill, G. K., Pirzada, S., Papineau, K., Pankratz, L., Reynolds, K., Kredentser, M. S., El-Gabalawy, R. M., Hiebert, T., Olafson, K., et al. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2400368 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Plunkett, E., Broadbent, A. M., Fien, S., & Cardona, M. (2021) · Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care · doi:10.1080/15524256.2021.1915920 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Navigating Professional and Personal Knowing Through Reflective Storytelling Amidst Covid-19
Graham, M. M. (2022) · Journal of Holistic Nursing · doi:10.1177/08980101211072289 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Reitsma, L., Killikelly, C., Müller, H., Larsen, L. H., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.130397.1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kim, Y., Yoo, S. H., Shin, J., Han, H. S., Hong, J., Kim, H. J., Choi, W., Kim, M. S., Park, H. Y., & Keam, B. (2021) · The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care · doi:10.14475/jhpc.2021.24.2.130 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hernández, E. S. (2021) · PROSPECTIVA Revista de Trabajo Social e intervención social · doi:10.25100/prts.v0i31.10653 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Death primes in advertisements: how international advertisers can ensure their message is effective
Minton, E. A., Park, H., & Spielmann, N. (2022) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2021.1979787 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
How did the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect Palliative Care Social Work Services? A Scoping Review
Roulston, A., Gerson, S. M., Csikai, E. L., & Dobríková, P. (2023) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcad042 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gill, G. K., Pankratz, L., Pirzada, S., Papineau, K., Hensel, J. M., Bolton, J. M., Kredenster, M. S., El-Gabalawy, R. M., Rivière, C. L., Hiebert, T., et al. (2025) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2025.2514162 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Snoubar, Y., & Zengin, O. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.985202 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The COVID-19 pandemic and social work – from the first reports in international journals
Szmagalski, J. (2021) · Praca Socjalna · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0014.7773 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dein, S. L. (2024) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2024.2351997 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Anand, J. C., Anish, K. R., Jha, M. K., Jojo, B., & Ranta‐Tyrkkö, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58708-5_14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kaňák, J. (2026) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2026.2657464 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fiziksel Engelli Bireyin Varoluşu: Nitel Bir Çalışma
Kocakaya, R., & Küçükkaraca, N. (2021) · Toplum ve sosyal hizmet(Online)/Toplum ve sosyal hizmet · doi:10.33417/tsh.972415 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fighting for Connection: A Socially Distanced Grief Experience
Sheppard, T., Lush, S., & Strickland, J. T. (2023) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/10541373231216347 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Costly Causes of Funeral Dissatisfaction and Satisfaction—Responses to an All-Japan Survey
Becker, C., Taniyama, Y., Kondo‐Arita, M., & Yamamoto, K. (2024) · Psychology International · doi:10.3390/psycholint6030045 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Families and Family Conferencing
Fineberg, I. C. (2022) · doi:10.1093/med/9780197537855.003.0057
Auriemma, V., Piazza, O., Scarpati, G., & Iorio, G. (2023) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-4102-9
Uzobo, E., Scent, G. A. T., & Obuzor, M. E. (2024) · SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT · doi:10.25159/2708-9355/12011
Aslan, Ş., & Yelboğa, N. (2024) · Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi · doi:10.21076/vizyoner.1447686
Multidimensional Nature of Grief: A Social Health Perspective on Grief-Related Loneliness
KÖSESOY, B. C. (2026) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1877906
Risvas, C., Riza, A., Canellopoulos, L., Koliouli, F., Tzatzadaki, M., Markopoulou, E., Potea, K., Alifragki, M., Botopoulou, M., Maragoudaki, M., et al. (2026) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228261465518
Digital mourning: Revisiting COVID-era #funeral discourse on Twitter
Makita, M., Caswell, G., & Más-Bleda, A. (2026) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2026.2716625
- Authors
- Johns, L., Blackburn, P., & McAuliffe, D.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Johns, Lise
- Venue
- International Social Work
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-07-23
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 660-664
- ISSN
- 0020-8728 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7234
- OpenAlex
- W3045409622
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Social Work (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, prolonged grief disorder, bereavement, grief, social work, death and dying, funeral restrictions, pandemic impact on families
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review