Bereavement Support on the Frontline of COVID-19: Recommendations for Hospital Clinicians
Open accessAbstract
Deaths due to COVID-19 are associated with risk factors which can lead to prolonged grief disorder, post-traumatic stress, and other poor bereavement outcomes among relatives, as well as moral injury and distress in frontline staff. Here we review relevant research evidence and provide evidence-based recommendations and resources for hospital clinicians to mitigate poor bereavement outcomes and support staff. For relatives, bereavement risk factors include dying in an intensive care unit, severe breathlessness, patient isolation or restricted access, significant patient and family emotional distress, and disruption to relatives' social support networks. Recommendations include advance care planning; proactive, sensitive, and regular communication with family members alongside accurate information provision; enabling family members to say goodbye in person where possible; supporting virtual communication; providing excellent symptom management and emotional and spiritual support; and providing and/or sign-posting to bereavement services. To mitigate effects of this emotionally challenging work on staff, we recommend an organizational and systemic approach which includes access to informal and professional support.
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Since deaths due to COVID-19 occur suddenly, PTSD can be seen in loved ones who died in this process.
“Since deaths due to COVID-19 occur suddenly, PTSD can be seen in loved ones who died in this process.[52]”
From Psychological Distress of Breast Cancer Survivors During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Factors: A Controlled Study. (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
The Dying in Hospital section reports PTSD among surviving relatives after ICU deaths, and the Symptom Management section identifies PTSD risk factors among bereaved caregivers. The paper does not say COVID-19 deaths generally occur suddenly or link suddenness to PTSD. It discusses PTSD in surviving loved ones, not in those who died. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Palliative Care for Older Adults with Multimorbidity in the Time of COVID 19
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- Authors
- Selman, L. E., Chao, D., Sowden, R., Marshall, S., Chamberlain, C., & Koffman, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Selman, Lucy E.
- Venue
- Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e81-e86
- ISSN
- 0885-3924 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7196538
- OpenAlex
- W3020886392
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 34
- FWCI
- 22.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain and Symptom Management (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative and Oncologic Care
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, bereavement, prolonged grief disorder, post-traumatic stress, moral injury, advance care planning, family communication, ICU mortality, virtual communication, symptom management, spiritual support, bereavement services, staff support
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Bereavement, Communication, Family, Health Personnel, Humans, Palliative Care, Pneumonia, Viral, Social Isolation, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus Infections, Disease Management, Advance Care Planning, Pandemics
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