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Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults
Open accessAbstract
Previous research has identified a wide range of indicators of social isolation that pose health risks, including living alone, having a small social network, infrequent participation in social activities, and feelings of loneliness. However, multiple forms of isolation are rarely studied together, making it difficult to determine which aspects of isolation are most deleterious for health. Using population-based data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, we combine multiple indicators of social isolation into scales assessing social disconnectedness (e.g., small social network, infrequent participation in social activities) and perceived isolation (e.g., loneliness, perceived lack of social support). We examine the extent to which social disconnectedness and perceived isolation have distinct associations with physical and mental health among older adults. Results indicate that social disconnectedness and perceived isolation are independently associated with lower levels of self-rated physical health. However, the association between disconnectedness and mental health may operate through the strong relationship between perceived isolation and mental health. We conclude that health researchers need to consider social disconnectedness and perceived isolation simultaneously.
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“Further, rates of social isolation increase in later life (Cornwell & Waite, 2009)”
From The relationship between social media use and psychosocial outcomes in older adults: A systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Cornwell & Waite, 2009
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“which is more common in older age (Cornwell and Waite, 2009)”
From Older Adults Perceptions of Technology and Barriers to Interacting with Tablet Computers: A Focus Group Study (2017) · cites this paper as Cornwell and Waite, 2009
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“Social isolation and loneliness are prevalent in older adults and are detrimental to physical and mental health.”
From The relationship between social media use and psychosocial outcomes in older adults: A systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Cornwell & Waite, 2009
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“That the two concept are distinct is supported by several studies that show that they are only weakly correlated with each other [18–21].”
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“poor self-rated physical health [22]”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [22]
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“Having a range of good social connections has been identified as an important aspect of successful ageing [12] and is associated with lower mortality rates [13, 14], better health outcomes [15, 16], and higher reported wellbeing [17, 18] and quality of life [19, 20].”
From Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
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“…of Health and Social Behavior, publications in this substantive area have largely used quantitative analyses to examine demographically oriented questions of morbidity, mortality and wellbeing (Aneshensel et al., 2004; Carr, 2003; Cornwell & Waite, 2009; Turner et al., 2017; Umberson, 2017).”
BackgroundShifts in Older Adults’ Social Connections Throughout the Initial Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Fuller, H. R., Huseth‐Zosel, A. L., Hofmann, B., Vleet, B. V., Kinkade, E., Carlson, S., & Sturn, E. (2022) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnac030 · Cited by 12
Loneliness in Older Indian Dyads
Shankar, A., & Kidd, T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095302 · Cited by 11
“Loneliness is a subjective experience and can be distinguished from more objective measures of social relationships that include social isolation, social network size, frequency of contact with family or friends and participation in social activities [2].”
BackgroundKim, I., & Kim, C. (2022) · Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.3961/jpmph.22.160 · Cited by 12
“The high risk of depression among community care recipients in our study could be explained by a number of factors including medical severity, disability, cognitive impairment, social isolation, and loneliness [6,7,17].”
BackgroundLoneliness in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Neglected Factor in Accelerated Aging?
Palmer, B. W., Hussain, M., & Lohr, J. B. (2022) · Journal of Ageing and Longevity · doi:10.3390/jal2040027 · Cited by 13
“Use of the term perceived social isolation is clearly on the rise in the empirical literature [17-28].”
BackgroundKirvalidze, M., Beridze, G., Wimo, A. B., Morin, L., & Calderón‐Larrañaga, A. (2022) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2022-219095 · Cited by 12
“Social isolation and lack of social connected-ness among older adults have been associated with worse health outcomes, 29 possibly due to unfavourable health behaviours, that is, older adults with rich social network are more motivated and more often urged to take care of their health and maintain…”
Lifestyle, Routine Activities, and Felony-Related Eldercide
Roberts, A., & Willits, D. W. (2012) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/1088767912438713 · Cited by 12
Active Living Among Older Canadians: A Time-Use Perspective Over 3 Decades
Spinney, J. E. L., & Millward, H. (2013) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2012-0126 · Cited by 12
Zielińska-Więczkowska, H. (2016) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.894997 · Cited by 10
Association Between Social Support and Health of Aging Adults with Dementia
Pakstis, A., Kim, J., & Bhargava, V. (2018) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-018-9325-y · Cited by 12
Designing Technologies with Older Adults: Ethical Tensions and Opportunities
Waycott, J., & Vines, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3693-5_11 · Cited by 12
Yang, T., Kim, S., & Shoff, C. M. (2020) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/ruso.12338 · Cited by 12
“Second, from the life-course perspective, older adults are more likely to experience bereavement and loss of companionship (Cornwell and Waite 2009).”
BackgroundDifferences in individual life path choices affecting life expectancy and health in Russia
Berezina, T. N. (2020) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202021017032 · Cited by 12
Davitt, J. K., & Brown, J. L. (2022) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igac024 · Cited by 12
“…of hypertension, weight gain, depression, anxiety, heart disease, cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, and death (Bethell et al., 2021; Cacioppo et al., 2016; Cornwell & Waite, 2009; Dinapoli et al., 2014; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015; Sheerman et al., 2020; Valtorta et al., 2016; Wu, 2020).”
Understanding Perceptions of Economic Status among Centenarians
Garasky, S., Martin, P., Margrett, J. A., & Cho, J. (2012) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/ag.75.4.e · Cited by 12
Pope, N. D. (2013) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-013-9155-9 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cornwell, Erin York
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-48
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- 2150-6000
- PMC
- PMC2756979
- OpenAlex
- W2139540989
- Semantic Scholar
- b09a0f39d727ce3be1b30fa1719605734d92461e
- Cited by
- 2,027
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 140 · 2023: 156 · 2022: 167 · 2021: 211 · 2020: 217 · 2019: 171 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 114 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 32.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (T32 AG000243, R01AG021487)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- disconnection, perceived isolation, social isolation, loneliness, social support, older adults, physical health, mental health, social network size, social participation (health and rehabilitation), self-rated health
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Social Isolation, Social Support, United States, Logistic Models, Least-Squares Analysis
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