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Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults
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Previous research has identified a wide range of indicators of social isolation that pose health risks, including living alone, having a small social network, infrequent participation in social activities, and feelings of loneliness. However, multiple forms of isolation are rarely studied together, making it difficult to determine which aspects of isolation are most deleterious for health. Using population-based data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, we combine multiple indicators of social isolation into scales assessing social disconnectedness (e.g., small social network, infrequent participation in social activities) and perceived isolation (e.g., loneliness, perceived lack of social support). We examine the extent to which social disconnectedness and perceived isolation have distinct associations with physical and mental health among older adults. Results indicate that social disconnectedness and perceived isolation are independently associated with lower levels of self-rated physical health. However, the association between disconnectedness and mental health may operate through the strong relationship between perceived isolation and mental health. We conclude that health researchers need to consider social disconnectedness and perceived isolation simultaneously.
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“Further, rates of social isolation increase in later life (Cornwell & Waite, 2009)”
From The relationship between social media use and psychosocial outcomes in older adults: A systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Cornwell & Waite, 2009
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“which is more common in older age (Cornwell and Waite, 2009)”
From Older Adults Perceptions of Technology and Barriers to Interacting with Tablet Computers: A Focus Group Study (2017) · cites this paper as Cornwell and Waite, 2009
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“Social isolation and loneliness are prevalent in older adults and are detrimental to physical and mental health.”
From The relationship between social media use and psychosocial outcomes in older adults: A systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Cornwell & Waite, 2009
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“That the two concept are distinct is supported by several studies that show that they are only weakly correlated with each other [18–21].”
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“poor self-rated physical health [22]”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [22]
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“Having a range of good social connections has been identified as an important aspect of successful ageing [12] and is associated with lower mortality rates [13, 14], better health outcomes [15, 16], and higher reported wellbeing [17, 18] and quality of life [19, 20].”
From Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
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Quiñones-Cordero, M. M., Lombard-Newell, J., Sharp, D. L., Way, V., & Cross, W. F. (2018) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibx064 · Cited by 15
Levasseur, M., Dubois, M., Filiatrault, J., Vasiliadis, H., Lacasse‐Bédard, J., Tourigny, A., Levert, M., Gabaude, C., Lefebvre, H., Berger, V., et al. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018676 · Cited by 22
Weaving family connections on-and offline: the turn to networked individualism
Quan‐Haase, A., Wang, H., Wellman, B., et al. (2018) · Policy Press eBooks · doi:10.1332/policypress/9781447339946.003.0004 · Cited by 15
Chen, R., & Austin, J. P. (2019) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.03.026 · Cited by 16
Association between happiness and psychopathology in an elderly regional rural population in Crete
Nikolakakis, N., Dragioti, E., Paritsis, N. C., Tsamakis, K., Christodoulou, G. N., & Rizos, E. N. (2020) · Psychiatriki · doi:10.22365/jpsych.2019.304.299 · Cited by 15
Melo, D., Midão, L., Mimoso, I., Alcântara, L., Figueiredo, T., Carrilho, J., & Costa, E. M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14155340 · Cited by 14
“One possible explanation is that those living independently in private apartments may face greater social withdrawal despite living in the community [79].”
Jia, H., & Chen, H. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105395 · Cited by 16
Cepellos, V. M. (2018) · Teoria e Prática em Administração · doi:10.21714/2238-104x2018v8i1-37614 · Cited by 22
How Older Adults with Chronic Pain Manage Social Support Interactions with Mobile Media
Chang, P. F., Bazarova, N. N., & Wethington, E. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1846272 · Cited by 15
“…social support is associated with better physical health (Chang et al., 2014; Park et al., 2014), life satisfaction (Aquino et al., 1996), less loneliness (Hawkley & Kocherginsky, 2018; Russell, 1996), and lower depression (Cornwell & Waite, 2009; Coyle & Dugan, 2012; Taylor et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSeifert, N., Seddig, D., & Eckhard, J. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1961125 · Cited by 15
Fernandes, J., Tavares, I. M., Bem‐Haja, P., Barros, T., & Carrito, M. L. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604608 · Cited by 14
“This finding supports the idea that strict COVID-related lockdown measures were significantly associated with an increase in women’s depressive symptomatology and it is in line with prior research indicating that, while effective in preventing the spread of the disease, isolation measures also have harmful direct and…”
ResultExamining the health impact of elderly ICT use in China
Zhang, Q., Guo, X., & Vogel, D. (2022) · Information Technology for Development · doi:10.1080/02681102.2022.2048782 · Cited by 14
“Perceived isolation is de fi ned as ‘ loneliness and perceived lack of social support ’ (Cornwell & Waite, 2009).”
BackgroundMethodNazir, H., Rowther, A. A., Rauf, N., Atiq, M., Kazi, A. K., Malik, A., Atif, N., & Surkan, P. J. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.14019 · Cited by 17
Berezina, T. N., & Александрович, Р. С. (2022) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe12120126 · Cited by 16
“Additionally, traditionally a favorable factor that increases life expectancy is the presence of family relationships in old age [25].”
Backgrounddos Santos, Í. K., Cobucci, R. N., de Medeiros, J. A., de Assis, G. G., de Medeiros, R. C. D. S. C., Knackfuss, M. I., Cabral, B. G. D. A. T., dos Santos, R. V. T., & Dantas, P. M. S. (2023) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/19417381231175665 · Cited by 18
“47 Furthermore, other studies highlight that activity supervised by health providers may play an important role in outcomes for home-based exercise programs.”
BackgroundChoi, H., & Hwang, S. G. (2023) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107083 · Cited by 10
Liu, J., & Lin, Z. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01808-x · Cited by 15
“Subjective social isolation measures the perceived lack of social support from children, extended family, and friends [50].”
Villeneuve, P. J., Gill, G. K., Cottagiri, S. A., Dales, R., Rainham, D. G. C., Ross, N. A., Dogan, H., Griffith, L. E., Raina, P. S., & Crouse, D. L. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-023-00841-x · Cited by 15
“Loneliness and social isolation are often measured concurrently, and while complementary, they are considered distinct constructs (Holt-Lunstad et al. 2015; Cornwell and Waite 2009).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cornwell, Erin York
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-48
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- 2150-6000
- PMC
- PMC2756979
- OpenAlex
- W2139540989
- Semantic Scholar
- b09a0f39d727ce3be1b30fa1719605734d92461e
- Cited by
- 2,027
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 140 · 2023: 156 · 2022: 167 · 2021: 211 · 2020: 217 · 2019: 171 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 114 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 32.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (T32 AG000243, R01AG021487)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- disconnection, perceived isolation, social isolation, loneliness, social support, older adults, physical health, mental health, social network size, social participation (health and rehabilitation), self-rated health
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Social Isolation, Social Support, United States, Logistic Models, Least-Squares Analysis
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