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Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults
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Previous research has identified a wide range of indicators of social isolation that pose health risks, including living alone, having a small social network, infrequent participation in social activities, and feelings of loneliness. However, multiple forms of isolation are rarely studied together, making it difficult to determine which aspects of isolation are most deleterious for health. Using population-based data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, we combine multiple indicators of social isolation into scales assessing social disconnectedness (e.g., small social network, infrequent participation in social activities) and perceived isolation (e.g., loneliness, perceived lack of social support). We examine the extent to which social disconnectedness and perceived isolation have distinct associations with physical and mental health among older adults. Results indicate that social disconnectedness and perceived isolation are independently associated with lower levels of self-rated physical health. However, the association between disconnectedness and mental health may operate through the strong relationship between perceived isolation and mental health. We conclude that health researchers need to consider social disconnectedness and perceived isolation simultaneously.
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“Further, rates of social isolation increase in later life (Cornwell & Waite, 2009)”
From The relationship between social media use and psychosocial outcomes in older adults: A systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Cornwell & Waite, 2009
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“which is more common in older age (Cornwell and Waite, 2009)”
From Older Adults Perceptions of Technology and Barriers to Interacting with Tablet Computers: A Focus Group Study (2017) · cites this paper as Cornwell and Waite, 2009
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“Social isolation and loneliness are prevalent in older adults and are detrimental to physical and mental health.”
From The relationship between social media use and psychosocial outcomes in older adults: A systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Cornwell & Waite, 2009
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“That the two concept are distinct is supported by several studies that show that they are only weakly correlated with each other [18–21].”
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“poor self-rated physical health [22]”
From Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review (2011) · cites this paper as [22]
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“Having a range of good social connections has been identified as an important aspect of successful ageing [12] and is associated with lower mortality rates [13, 14], better health outcomes [15, 16], and higher reported wellbeing [17, 18] and quality of life [19, 20].”
From Social isolation, cognitive reserve, and cognition in healthy older people (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
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Baker, S., Kelly, R., Waycott, J., Carrasco, R., Bell, R., Joukhadar, Z., Hoang, T. N., Ozanne, E., & Vetere, F. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3434176 · Cited by 66
“There is growing interest in this area because isolation and loneliness are known to be major risk factors that can impact the physical and mental health of older adults [14, 15].”
BackgroundSocial isolation and loneliness in old age: Exploring their role in mental and physical health
Tragantzopoulou, P., & Giannouli, V. (2021) · Psychiatriki · doi:10.22365/jpsych.2021.009 · Cited by 77
“6 Cornwell & Waite 7 suggest that the relationship be-tween loneliness and social isolation in older adults may be ‘decoupled’ as a consequence of their expectation for, and as an extension of their preparation, transitions and declines in their social network.”
Heins, P., Boots, L. M. M., Koh, W. Q., Neven, A., Verhey, F. R. J., & de Vugt, M. E. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10112308 · Cited by 73
“Despite the indistinct use of these closely-related concepts, researchers agree on the potential benefits of psychosocial interventions in terms of (1) reducing social isolation or feelings of loneliness [3,8,25], (2) increasing well-being by fulfilling social needs [26,27], or (3) reducing mild cognitive impairment (…”
BackgroundWejnert, C. (2009) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2009.09.002 · Cited by 66
Sundar, S. S., Oeldorf-Hirsch, A., Nussbaum, J. F., & Behr, R. A. (2011) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/1979742.1979931 · Cited by 66
Residents Perceptions of Friendship and Positive Social Networks Within a Nursing Home
Casey, A., Low, L., Jeon, Y., & Brodaty, H. (2015) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnv146 · Cited by 68
Wang, Z., Marseglia, A., Shang, Y., Dintica, C., Patrone, C., & Xu, W. (2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.09.003 · Cited by 63
Sangeorzan, I., Andriopoulou, P., & Livanou, M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.119 · Cited by 67
Rapolienė, G., & Aartsen, M. (2021) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-021-00649-z · Cited by 72
Dickens, A., Richards, S. H., Hawton, A., Taylor, R. S., Greaves, C. J., Green, C., Edwards, R., & Campbell, J. L. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-218 · Cited by 71
Having Friends and Feeling Lonely
Arpin, S. N., Mohr, C. D., & Brannan, D. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215569722 · Cited by 66
Yun, E. H., Kang, Y. H., Lim, M. K., Oh, J., & Son, J. M. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-78 · Cited by 65
Alidoust, S., Bosman, C., & Holden, G. (2017) · Journal of Housing and the Built Environment · doi:10.1007/s10901-017-9558-1 · Cited by 64
Bao, L., Li, W.-T., & Zhong, B. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00704-5 · Cited by 64
“In accordance with previous studies, respondents answering “sometimes”, “often”, and “always” were classified as having the feelings of loneliness [36, 37].”
ResultAsante, S., & Karikari, G. (2022) · Journal of Ageing and Longevity · doi:10.3390/jal2010005 · Cited by 79
“The degree of connectedness has often been measured by network size, frequency of interaction with others, and participation in social activities [12].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cornwell, Erin York
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-48
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- 2150-6000
- PMC
- PMC2756979
- OpenAlex
- W2139540989
- Semantic Scholar
- b09a0f39d727ce3be1b30fa1719605734d92461e
- Cited by
- 2,027
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 136 · 2024: 140 · 2023: 156 · 2022: 167 · 2021: 211 · 2020: 217 · 2019: 171 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 114 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 32.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (T32 AG000243, R01AG021487)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- disconnection, perceived isolation, social isolation, loneliness, social support, older adults, physical health, mental health, social network size, social participation (health and rehabilitation), self-rated health
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Social Isolation, Social Support, United States, Logistic Models, Least-Squares Analysis
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