The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 100 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 6 are not checked yet; none of the 175 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Miles to Go before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health
Open accessAbstract
Large, pervasive, and persistent racial inequalities exist in the onset, courses, and outcomes of illness. A comprehensive understanding of the patterning of racial disparities indicates that racism in both its institutional and individual forms remains an important determinant. There is an urgent need to build the science base that would identify how to trigger the conditions that would facilitate needed societal change and to identify the optimal interventions that would confront and dismantle the societal conditions that create and sustain health inequalities.
Checked 2026-10-09 · 6 references not checked yet
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review documents large, pervasive, and persistent racial inequities in U.S. health and argues that institutional and individual racism, alongside socioeconomic inequality, are key drivers. It calls for a science base to guide societal and health-care interventions to reduce these inequities.
Key findings
- In 2007, blacks had an overall death rate 30% higher than whites and higher death rates than whites for 10 of the 15 leading causes of death; the 2007 life expectancy gap was almost five years (73.6 vs. 78.4 years).
- Minorities experience earlier onset and faster progression of disease: incident heart failure before age 50 was 20 times more common in blacks than whites in CARDIA, with average onset at 39 years for African Americans; 28% of cardiovascular disease deaths among blacks occurred before age 65 versus 13% among whites.
- Race captures more than SES: high-income blacks and whites lived 7.1 and 6.8 years longer, respectively, than low-income counterparts, with black-white differences at every income level; infant mortality for college-educated African American women was more than 2.5 times that of similarly educated whites and Hispanics.
- Perceived discrimination is linked to poor health: audit studies found a white applicant with a criminal record was more likely to be offered a job than a black applicant with a clean record, and white-named resumes were 50% more likely to get callbacks; among 5,147 fifth graders, 7% of whites, 15% of Hispanics, and 20% of blacks reported racial discrimination, associated with increased risk of depression, ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder.
Methods
- Narrative review/overview of current knowledge on racial inequities in health, drawing on national mortality and life-expectancy data, epidemiological studies, audit experiments, and policy/intervention evidence.
- No new primary data collection or formal systematic review/meta-analysis is described; the paper synthesizes published evidence and outlines promising areas for future research and intervention.
Limitations
- Stated: mortality statistics are more accurate for blacks and whites than for other racial populations due to numerator and denominator problems; misclassification of Asians, Hispanics, and especially American Indians as white on death certificates yields reported rates lower than actual rates.
- Stated: age-adjusted death rates are not accurate measures of actual risk and can distort the magnitude of disparities; combining Pacific Islander data with Asian data obscures elevated risks, and there is important heterogeneity within OMB racial categories.
- Stated: current knowledge is even more limited regarding the most effective strategies to reduce health inequities. Evident from the text: as a narrative overview, it does not report a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quantitative synthesis, so conclusions rely on selected evidence.
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Claims the paper makes
170 Not checked yet · 30 Own interpretation · 12 No basis given · 2 Own result
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“African Americans had higher death rates than whites for 10 of the 15 leading causes of death.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“middle-aged U.S.-born Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants with long-term residence in the U.S., had higher levels of allostatic load (a summary measure of biological dysregulation) than recent Mexican immigrants, despite being higher in SES, and even after adjustment for health practices and medical care”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaestner et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Morbidity data also reveal elevated rates of illness for American Indians compared to whites for multiple conditions”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barnes, Adams, and Powell-Griner 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“American Indians served by the Indian Health Service (IHS, some 60% of that population) have a markedly worse health profile than that of American Indians nationally”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Indian Health Service 2009 [ISH]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“age specific black/white mortality ratios are larger than the overall age-adjusted ratio of 1.3 from birth through age seventy-four”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al. 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The negative stigmatization of being black appears to adversely impact black Caribbean immigrants over time.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“there is important heterogeneity in health status by ethnicity within each of the OMB racial categories”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hispanics and American Indians had higher death rates than whites for diabetes, liver cirrhosis and homicide.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the misclassification of Asians, Hispanics and especially American Indians as white on death certificates leads to reported mortality rates for these groups that are lower than the actual rates.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For more than 100 years, scientific research has documented that there are racial gaps in health”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites National Center for Health Statistics 2011 [NCHS]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“when interpreted as such can lead to distortions of the magnitude of racial disparities”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“mortality statistics are more accurate for blacks and whites than for the other racial populations”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A comprehensive understanding of the patterning of racial disparities indicates that racism in both its institutional and individual forms remains an important determinant.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“when health data for Pacific Islanders is combined with that of Asians, the elevated health risks for Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders is obscured”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Panapasa et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“have a higher incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) at each decade of life”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial differences across the continuum of disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent studies provide evidence of this earlier onset of disease or accelerated aging for minorities across multiple health status indicators.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Earlier Onset of Disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Blacks continued to have higher allostatic load scores even after adjusted for poverty.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Earlier Onset of Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Geronimus et al. 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In 1950, blacks had a life expectancy at birth of 60.8 years compared to 69.1 years for Whites”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities in Health Persist Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites NCHS 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“require dialysis or a kidney transplant at younger ages”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial differences across the continuum of disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some evidence suggests that some of the reported beneficial effects of moderate alcohol consumption are due to residual confounding with high SES and good health practices”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities Exist in the Effects of some Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fillmore et al. 1998
- Not checked yetcites Naimi et al. 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Geronimus and colleagues (2006) show that the early health deterioration of black adults is evident across multiple biological systems.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Earlier Onset of Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Geronimus et al. 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although black women are less likely than whites to get breast cancer”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial differences across the continuum of disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chlebowski et al. 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In each age group, the average score for blacks was comparable to that of whites who were 10 years older.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Earlier Onset of Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Geronimus et al. 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“their level of CKD risk factors do not adequately account for their faster progression of CKD to ESRD”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial differences across the continuum of disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce et al. 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Suicide attempts are also higher for Black Caribbean men than for Black Caribbean women or African Americans”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joe et al. 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Life expectancy data illustrate the striking persistence of racial disparities in health over time.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities in Health Persist Over Time
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“African Americans have a higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) than whites”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial differences across the continuum of disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“compared to whites, blacks have a higher nicotine intake and continine level per cigarette”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities Exist in the Effects of some Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perez-Stable et al. 1998
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“despite comparable levels of alcohol consumption, alcohol-related mortality is twice as high for blacks compared to whites”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities Exist in the Effects of some Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stinson, Nephew, and Dufour 1996
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Black males have higher lung cancer incidence and mortality compared to their white peers”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities Exist in the Effects of some Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Berger, Lund, and Brawley 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“moderate alcohol consumption was positively related to indicators of cardiovascular disease for black men”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities Exist in the Effects of some Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fuchs et al. 2004
- Not checked yetcites Fuchs et al. 2001
- Not checked yetcites Pletcher et al. 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“National data also show that cardiovascular disease develops earlier in blacks than whites, with 28% of cardiovascular disease deaths among blacks occurring before age 65 compared to 13% among whites”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Earlier Onset of Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jolly et al. 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Racial inequities in health are also evident in the severity and progression of disease.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial differences across the continuum of disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“at equivalent levels of alcohol use, blacks are more susceptible to liver damage than whites”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities Exist in the Effects of some Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stranges et al. 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Data from the Indian Health Service also provides numerous examples of persisting and in some cases widening disparities for specific causes of death over time for American Indians compared to whites”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities in Health Persist Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites IHS 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Racial/ethnic minority populations are more likely than whites to have experienced low SES in childhood and elevated levels of early life psychosocial and economic adversity that can affect health in adulthood”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Colen 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a growing body of evidence is documenting that racism is a critical missing piece of the puzzle in understanding the patterning of racial disparities in health.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“black female college graduates have a higher rate of infant mortality than Hispanic and white women who have not completed high school.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Race Captures More Than Socioeconomic Inequality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Braveman et al. 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“discrimination can lead to reduced access to desirable goods and services”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Mohammed 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“compared to whites, blacks and Hispanics have lower earnings at comparable levels of education”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Collins 1995
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“high income blacks and whites live 7.1 and 6.8 years longer, respectively, than their low income counterparts”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Race Captures More Than Socioeconomic Inequality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Braveman et al. 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In race-conscious societies such as Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, the U.K. and South Africa, non-dominant racial groups have worse health than the dominant racial group”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities in Health Persist Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bramley et al. 2004
- Not checked yetcites James and Lever 2001
- Not checked yetcites Nazroo and Williams 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Another striking example of large racial differences in health at similar levels of SES comes from national data on birth outcomes”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Race Captures More Than Socioeconomic Inequality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Braveman et al. 2010
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Personal experiences of discrimination and institutional racism are added pathogenic factors that can affect the health of minority group members in multiple ways”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Mohammed 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“W.E.B. (DuBois 1899 (1967)) documented that blacks in Philadelphia had elevated rates of disease and death compared to whites.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DuBois 1899 (1967)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“for both blacks and whites, variations in life expectancy by income and education data are larger than the overall black-white difference”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Race Captures More Than Socioeconomic Inequality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Braveman et al. 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“less wealth at every level of income”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Collins 1995
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“racial disparities in allostatic load scores were larger among the non-poor than among the poor.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Race Captures More Than Socioeconomic Inequality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Geronimus et al. 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“He concluded that the determinants of the poorer health for Blacks compared to Whites was multi-factorial, but primarily social.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites DuBois 1899 (1967)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another recent study linked early life adversity to multiple markers of inflammation for adult African Americans but not for whites”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slopen et al. 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The expected inverse association between mother’s education and infant mortality is evident for blacks, whites and Hispanics.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Race Captures More Than Socioeconomic Inequality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Braveman et al. 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“have less purchasing power because the costs of a broad range of goods and services are higher in their communities”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Collins 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“analyses of health data for the New Zealand Maori, Australian Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders, First nation on-reserve Canadians and American Indians and Alaskan Natives found that indigenous people had lower life expectancy compared to the non-indigenous in every country”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities in Health Persist Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bramley et al. 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These racial health inequalities are also persistent over time outside of the U.S.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities in Health Persist Over Time
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SES is not just a confounder of the relationship between race and health, but part of the causal pathway that links race to health.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the measures of SES like income and education are not equivalent across race.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In national data, early life socioeconomic conditions helps to explain the black-white gap in mortality for men”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Warner and Hayward 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a study of mortality differences between the Maori and the non-Maori population in New Zealand from 1951 to 2006 found that health inequalities remained substantial in 2006”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities in Health Persist Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tobias et al. 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Race is a social status category that was created by larger societal processes and institutions, including institutional and individual dimensions of racism”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent research documents that there is an added burden of race, over and above SES that is linked to poor health.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Race Captures More Than Socioeconomic Inequality
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the infant mortality rate for college-educated African American women is more than two and a half times as high as that of similarly educated whites and Hispanics.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Race Captures More Than Socioeconomic Inequality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Braveman et al. 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Research suggests that three key factors may each contribute to accounting for the residual effect of race after SES is controlled”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Mohammed 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At age 25, racial differences in life expectancy are substantial with whites living 5 years longer than African Americans”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Race Captures More Than Socioeconomic Inequality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murphy 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“three specific causes of death -- diabetes, homicide and suicide -- showed a consistent pattern of elevated risk for indigenous groups across these diverse societies.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities in Health Persist Over Time
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in the 21st century, most black and Latino children are growing up in neighborhoods that are separate and unequal.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“between 2005 and 2009 the median wealth of white households declined by 16% compared to 53% for black and 66% for Hispanic households”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pew Research Center 2011b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the current economic crisis in the U.S. is leading to spending reductions at the federal, state and local level.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Research on the role of genetics in racial disparities in health has historically emphasized gene frequency over gene expression”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al. 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“internalized racism (acceptance of society’s negative characterization) can adversely affect health”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Mohammed 2009
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a white job applicant with a criminal record is more likely to be offered a job than a black applicant with an otherwise identical resume, but whose record was clean.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pager 2003
- Not checked yetcites Pager, Western, and Bonikowski 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the economic status of disadvantaged minority groups is declining in the U.S.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Inadequate attention has been given in prior research to the extent to which the different residential environments of racial minorities leads to elevated exposure to environmental pollutants that can interact with other psychosocial exposures to affect health risks”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gee and Payne-Sturges 2004
- Not checked yetcites Morello-Frosch and Shenassa 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It found that perceived discrimination was positively associated with CVD among black men who scored low on internalized racism.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chae et al. 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Scientific evidence clearly documents the persistence of discrimination in contemporary society.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There are several longitudinal studies and other studies that find that the effects of discrimination persist after adjusting for potential psychological confounders such as social desirability, bias, neuroticism, self-esteem, negative affect and hostility.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“among black men high on internalized racism, the risk of CVD was highest among those reporting no discrimination”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chae et al. 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One study of 5,147 fifth graders found that 7% of whites, 15% of Hispanics and 20% of blacks reported that they had experienced racial discrimination”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coker et al. 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a disturbingly high proportion of American adolescents are exposed to racial discrimination in online contexts, such as text messages, chat rooms, online games and social network sites”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tynes et al. 2008
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“experiences of discrimination may be a neglected psychosocial stressor.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Mohammed 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“online racial discrimination was positively related to mental health symptoms even after adjustment for general adolescent stress and offline discrimination”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tynes et al. 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“racism can trigger increased exposure to traditional stressors (e.g. unemployment)”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Mohammed 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“studies in the U.S., South Africa and New Zealand have found that discrimination accounts, in part, for racial/ethnic disparities in health”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pascoe and Richman 2009
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Mohammed 2009
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“these experiences were associated with an increased risk of depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coker et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies document that discrimination is associated with a broad range of health conditions ranging from violence, sexual problems and poor sleep quality to elevated risk of C-reactive protein, high blood pressure and coronary artery calcification, breast cancer incidence, uterine myomas (fibroids), and subclinical carotid artery disease.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These adverse environmental conditions have important implications for the potential contribution of epigenetics to racial disparities in health”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al. 2010
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the black/white earnings ratio for male college graduates, aged 25 to 29, has been declining over time, from 93% in 1977 to 73% in 1987, 83% in 1997 to 80% in 2007”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“applications with distinctively white names (such as Alison, Emily, Brad and Greg) were 50% more likely to get call-backs for interviews than identical resumes with distinctively black names”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bertrand and Mullainathan 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in 100 of America’s largest metropolitan areas, 75% of all African American children and 69% of all Latino children are growing up in more negative residential environments than the worst off white children”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Acevedo-Garcia et al. 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Arguably, the most consequential effects of racism on health are due to institutional racism”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Collins 2001
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Prior research reveals that government spending reductions during the early years of the Reagan administration led to worsening health for low SES populations and racial minorities”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Collins 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The finding that minorities and low SES persons were among the most knowledgeable about social factors suggests that experience plays an important role in providing knowledge (Robert and Booske 2011).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Enhancing Emotional Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robert and Booske 2011
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The study found that the determinants of low birthweight were low SES and material deprivation.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jafari et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The finding that minorities and low SES persons were among the most knowledgeable about social factors suggests that experience plays an important role in providing knowledge (Robert and Booske 2011).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Enhancing Emotional Affect
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“First, primary care, with its emphasis on preventive care and the early management of disease is associated with lower total costs of health services, better health at the individual and population level and smaller social disparities in health (Starfield, Shi, and Macinko 2005).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Starfield, Shi, and Macinko 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Education was also positively associated with knowledge.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Building the Necessary Political Will
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Booske et al. 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another study documented that between 1968 and 1978, a period during which the racial gap in income declined as a result of the Civil Rights movement and anti-poverty policy, black males and females, aged 35-74, had larger absolute and relative declines in mortality than whites (Cooper et al. 1981).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cooper et al. 1981
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent study that randomized uninsured residents to apply for Medicaid services found that, one year later, the treatment group had higher use of health care services (including primary and preventive care), lower out-of-pocket medical expenses, lower medical debt and financial stress, and better self-reported physical and mental health than the control group (Finkelstein et al. 2011).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Finkelstein et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Political ideology is associated with knowledge of health disparities with liberals being three times as likely as conservatives to be aware of racial and SES gaps in health”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Building the Necessary Political Will
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Booske et al. 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A national public opinion survey in 2008 and 2009 found that less than half (46%) of all American adults were aware of health disparities between African Americans and whites”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Building the Necessary Political Will
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Booske, Robert, and Rohan 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent study that randomized uninsured residents to apply for Medicaid services found that, one year later, the treatment group had higher use of health care services (including primary and preventive care), lower out-of-pocket medical expenses, lower medical debt and financial stress, and better self-reported physical and mental health than the control group (Finkelstein et al. 2011).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Finkelstein et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although increased access to health care led to declines in child and maternal mortality and increases in life expectancy at birth, the low birthweight rate has not declined (Jafari et al. 2010).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jafari et al. 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“First, primary care, with its emphasis on preventive care and the early management of disease is associated with lower total costs of health services, better health at the individual and population level and smaller social disparities in health (Starfield, Shi, and Macinko 2005).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Starfield, Shi, and Macinko 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Second, a recent study found that each 10% increase in local public health spending was associated with declines in mortality from major preventable causes of death of between 1.1% and 6.9% (Mays and Smith 2011).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mays and Smith 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Research reveals that the improvements in SES that were associated with the Civil Rights Movement led to improved health status for the black population.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaplan, Ranjit, and Burgard 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individuals who were politically liberal, minority group members, older and of low SES were more likely to endorse the importance of social factors”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Building the Necessary Political Will
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robert and Booske 2011
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Third, the receipt of medical safety net services is associated with better health.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Finkelstein et al. 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there is declining interest in and support for policies to address racial inequalities among whites in the U.S.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there has also been a national shift toward a conservative/Republican ideology.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Many fewer see social and economic factors such as employment, level of education, housing quality and community safety as important determinants of health.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Building the Necessary Political Will
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robert and Booske 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast, framings that work are those that focused less on racial disparities and emphasized widely shared American values (like enhancing opportunity for all and ingenuity) and that link communities in a sense of shared fate.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Enhancing Emotional Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davey 2009
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“most of the U.S. public view personal health behaviors and access to care as very strong determinants of health”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Building the Necessary Political Will
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robert and Booske 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, with a comprehensive and innovative preventive health care system (Tavassoli 2008), Iran has erased a two-fold elevated risk of infant mortality in rural areas compared to urban ones (Aghajanian et al. 2007).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aghajanian et al. 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Access to primary care is a likely major contributor to the unexpectedly good health profiles of Cuba and Costa Rica (Starfield et al. 2005).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Starfield et al. 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is limited but compelling evidence that reducing social inequalities can reduce health inequalities.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the effect was no longer evident in 1992.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jackson et al. 1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some limited evidence also suggests that positive race-related events can also enhance the health of disadvantaged racial groups.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During apartheid, national data revealed that blacks reported markedly lower levels of happiness and life satisfaction than whites.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moller 1998
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other research has documented that changes in social policies during the Civil Rights era linked to hospital desegregation, the advent of Medicaid and food stamps led to a reduction in the black-white gap in infant mortality in southern states between the mid-1960s to the early 1970s and to substantially lower risk factor rates for the adult women who benefited from them (Almond, Chay, and Greenst”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Almond, Chay, and Greenstone 2006
- Not checked yetcites Almond and Chay 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Persons with highest exposure will not necessarily benefit from an intervention.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, levels of psychological well-being for black South Africans reverted to earlier levels 18 months later.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moller 1998
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, higher levels of religious involvement by black than white teens plays a key role in the lower levels of substance use among black adolescents (Wallace et al. 2003).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Building on Resilience and Protective factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wallace et al. 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Black men in the military earn more than their civilian peers and the command and control, bureaucratic structure of the military has created a more race-blind environment than the larger society (Teachman 2007).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Teachman 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Family structure is shaped by larger economic conditions and single motherhood in turn has negative effects on economic mobility (McLanahan and Percheski 2008).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLanahan and Percheski 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Historically, population-targeted interventions have had limited impact on vulnerable and marginalized populations (Lawrence, Mitrou, and Zubrick 2011).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lawrence, Mitrou, and Zubrick 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A national panel study of U.S. Blacks from 1979 to 1992 noted that reports of health problems, disability, and psychological distress were at their lowest levels during the third wave of data collection in 1988 (Jackson et al. 1996).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jackson et al. 1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Black men in the military earn more than their civilian peers and the command and control, bureaucratic structure of the military has created a more race-blind environment than the larger society (Teachman 2007).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Teachman 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Quasi-experimental “interrupted time-series” analysis adjusted for income, education, health insurance, age, sex, marital status, Dow Jones average, and the unemployment rate, found that self-rated health was higher for blacks and Hispanics, after Obama’s nomination for president (Malat, Timberlake, and Williams 2011).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Malat, Timberlake, and Williams 2011
plaindirectn = 46,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Analyses of data from 46,000 Ohio adults interviewed between Aug 6, 2008 to Jan 24, 2009 documented an Obama effect.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Malat, Timberlake, and Williams 2011
plaindirectn = 46,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent study using cross-sectional data for 50 states for a 10-year period documented that states with more generous spending on education, more progressive taxation systems and more humane (lenient) TANF and Medicaid program rules had better overall population health (Kim and Jennings 2009) with the effects being stronger for overall mortality than for infant mortality.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim and Jennings 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As the income of blacks fell relative to that of whites during the decade of the 1980s, racial disparities in health worsened for multiple indicators (Williams and Collins 1995).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Collins 1995
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other research has documented that changes in social policies during the Civil Rights era linked to hospital desegregation, the advent of Medicaid and food stamps led to a reduction in the black-white gap in infant mortality in southern states between the mid-1960s to the early 1970s and to substantially lower risk factor rates for the adult women who benefited from them (Almond, Chay, and Greenst”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Almond, Chay, and Greenstone 2006
- Not checked yetcites Almond and Chay 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Family structure is shaped by larger economic conditions and single motherhood in turn has negative effects on economic mobility (McLanahan and Percheski 2008).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLanahan and Percheski 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Research from New Zealand also indicates that Maori-non Maori gaps in mortality between 1951 and 2006 narrowed and widened (with a five year lag) in tandem with social in equalities (Tobias et al. 2009).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tobias et al. 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These policies also had intergenerational benefits with the women who benefited from them being less likely to give birth to infants with low-birth weight and low APGAR scores.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Almond, Chay, and Greenstone 2006
- Not checked yetcites Almond and Chay 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence reviewed in this article indicates that inequalities in health are created by larger inequalities in society.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their existence reflects the successful implementation of social policies.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 67
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
In the paper
“Among first generation immigrants, making race salient enhances academic performance while it reduces academic performance for the second generation”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Deaux et al. 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a study of Chicago adults found that foreign born Hispanics had level of illness and stress similar to whites while U.S.-born Hispanics were similar to African Americans on these indicators”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sternthal, Slopen, and Williams 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“American Indians also had elevated mortality rates for accidents and hypertension.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Immigrants of all racial groups tend to have better health than their native-born peers but their health declines with increasing length of stay and generational status”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Singh and Miller 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“although age-adjusted death rates are useful metrics for comparison, they are not accurate measures of actual risk”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites NCHS 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“compared to a lifetime rate of psychiatric disorders that is 31% for African Americans and 37% for whites (Miranda et al. 2008), the rate is 19% for black Caribbean immigrants (Williams et al. 2007b). This rate increases to 35% in the second generation and 55% in the third.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al. 2007b
- Not checked yetcites Miranda et al. 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in contrast to an overall age-adjusted rate that is lower than whites, American Indians have higher age-specific death rates than whites from birth through age fifty-four”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al. 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2007, blacks had an overall death rate that was 30% higher than that of whites while the rates for all other groups were lower than that of whites (Table 1).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Table 1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Large, pervasive and persistent racial inequalities exist in the onset, course and outcomes of illness.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the extent of health inequalities over time varies by the use of absolute versus relative measures of inequality and that an exclusive use of relative measures can obscure progress”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities in Health Persist Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harper et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Williams 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“African Americans have lower lifetime and current rates of depression than whites”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial differences across the continuum of disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al. 2007a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“depressed blacks are more likely than their white peers to have higher levels of impairment, more severe symptoms, to be chronically depressed and to not receive any treatment”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial differences across the continuum of disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al. 2007a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in contrast to a protective effect for whites, there was no beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on all-cause mortality for blacks”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities Exist in the Effects of some Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sempos et al. 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although levels of cigarette smoking are similar for blacks compared to whites a given level of tobacco use has a more adverse impact on blacks compared to whites.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities Exist in the Effects of some Risk Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Minorities also get sick at younger ages and die sooner than whites.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Earlier Onset of Disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women generally have higher rates of major depression than men but Black Caribbean men have a current rate of depression that is higher than Caribbean women”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al. 2007a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“they are more likely than their white peers to have tumors that grow quickly, recur more often, are resistant to treatment, and kill more frequently”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial differences across the continuum of disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chlebowski et al. 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They have a higher prevalence of current and lifetime mental disorders than Caribbean women and current and lifetime rates of mood disorders than African American men”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al. 2007b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Geronimus 1992) showed that national infant death rates were lower for white and Mexican American women who delayed first births to their twenties compared to those who gave birth in their teens. The opposite pattern was evident for black and Puerto Rican women”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Earlier Onset of Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Geronimus 1992
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“White women have a higher incidence of breast cancer than blacks, but the opposite pattern exists under the age of 40, where African American women have a higher incidence than their white peers”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Earlier Onset of Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anderson et al. 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Geronimus 1992) argued that this pattern was due to ‘weathering’ -- early physiological deterioration due to the cumulative impact of multiple social disadvantages.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Earlier Onset of Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Geronimus 1992
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“a 20 year follow-up of adults in the CARDIA study found that incident heart failure before the age of fifty was 20 times more common in blacks than whites, with the average age of onset being 39 years old for African Americans”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Earlier Onset of Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bibbins-Domingo et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that blacks were more likely than whites to score high on allostatic load (high on 4 or more indicators) at all ages and the size of the black-white gap increased with age.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Earlier Onset of Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Geronimus et al. 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, although black women are less likely to get breast cancer in any given year, they are more likely to die from it.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial differences across the continuum of disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“although the racial gap has narrowed, there is still an almost five-year gap in life expectancy in 2007 (73.6 vs. 78.4 years).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities in Health Persist Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites NCHS 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Life expectancy has been improving for both groups over time but it was not until 1990 that blacks achieved the life expectancy that whites had in 1950.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities in Health Persist Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites NCHS 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For both racial groups, as income levels rise, health improves in a stepwise manner, but there are black-white differences in life expectancy at every level of income.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Race Captures More Than Socioeconomic Inequality
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pattern of racial inequities in health in the U.S. mirror those in other countries and suggest the potential of common societal causes across national and cultural contexts.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Large Racial Gaps in Health Persist > Racial Disparities in Health Persist Over Time
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“He argued that British society was committing “social murder” by exposing workers to living and working conditions that made it difficult to be healthy and live to an advanced age.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Engels ([1845] 1984)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“health is affected not only by one’s current SES but by exposure to social and economic adversity over the life course.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Geronimus and colleagues (2006) analysis of allostatic load scores parallel the life expectancy data and further illustrate how race and SES reflect two related but not interchangeable systems of inequality.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Race Captures More Than Socioeconomic Inequality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Geronimus et al. 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For both blacks and whites, allostatic load scores were higher for the poor than non-poor, but blacks had higher scores than whites at comparable income levels”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Race Captures More Than Socioeconomic Inequality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Geronimus et al. 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Friedrich Engels ([1845] 1984) had noted that the upper classes in Liverpool, England had an average life expectancy of 35 years compared to 15 years for day laborers.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Engels ([1845] 1984)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, race and SES combine in complex ways to affect health.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“historical and contemporary racial discrimination created and perpetuates both racial inequities in SES and racial inequality in health status.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are large racial differences in SES and they account for a substantial part of observed racial differences in health.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Location in social structure reflects differential power and differential exposure to psychological, social, physical and chemical exposures in occupational, residential and other societal contexts.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent national study of Jewish Americans, a white ethnic group with a history of structural disadvantage and stigmatization, found that Jews had higher levels of income and education than other whites, but they reported poorer health status than other whites once the association is adjusted for SES”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pearson and Geronimus 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Discrimination has also been associated with delays in seeking treatment, lower adherence to medical regimes, and lower rates of follow-up.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Public sector employment has been a key to black upward mobility and the development of the black middle class”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extant studies include all major racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. and non-dominant racial groups in New Zealand, South Africa and Australia, and immigrants in Canada, Hong Kong and many countries in Europe.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Environmental exposures are one potential contributor to epigenetic changes, reflecting the reality that biology is not static but adapts to environmental conditions.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the majority of poor persons in the U.S. are white, poor white families are not concentrated in contexts of economic and social disadvantage and with the absence of an infrastructure that promotes opportunity in the ways that poor blacks and Latinos are.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The neighborhoods where minority children live have lower income, education and home ownership rates and higher rates of poverty and unemployment compared to those where white children reside.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“there are higher levels of college completion for women than men in all racial groups in the U.S., but the gap is largest among blacks.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Limited evidence indicates that whites understand questions about discrimination in ways similar to blacks and that their emotional reactions and reported stress responses are similar to those of African Americans”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al. 2012
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“although their levels of discrimination are lower than those of blacks, discrimination also adversely affects the health of whites”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Mohammed 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus the median wealth of whites is 20 times that of blacks and 18 times that of Hispanics.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pew Research Center 2011b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Residential segregation by race, a mechanism of institutional discrimination, can restrict socioeconomic attainment and lead to group differences in SES and health.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Collins 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It also creates pathogenic neighborhood conditions with minorities living in markedly more health-damaging residential environments than whites and facing higher levels of acute and chronic stressors.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Understanding the Added Burden of Race
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Collins 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Minority group members are aware of at least some experiences of discrimination and such incidents can be a source of stress.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Making Sense of Racial Inequalities in Health > Perceived Discrimination and Health
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Wilson (2011) also indicates that these challenges will be especially acute for black males.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson 2011
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“in 2011, the Republican edge (Republicans or Independents leaning Republican) over democrats among whites was 13 points (52% to 39%), compared to a two point edge (46% to 44%) in 2008.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pew Research Center 2011a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In turn, the gains in life expectancy for working-age black women during 1965-74 exceeded those of other race and sex groups and were three times as large as those in the prior decade (Kaplan et al. 2008).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaplan et al. 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the evidence reviewed here document the persistence of inequality and discrimination and suggest that anti-discrimination programs may be crucial for ensuring racial equality.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Civil Rights policies narrowed the black-white economic gap with the gains being greater for women than for men (Kaplan, Ranjit, and Burgard 2008).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaplan, Ranjit, and Burgard 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The bottom-line is that 40,000 people die in the U.S. annually because of a lack of health insurance and we need to maximize the potential of health care to reduce disparities (Wilper et al. 2009).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilper et al. 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These budget cuts, many of them outside the health sector, weaken the social safety net for vulnerable populations and will likely lead to increased rates of illness, greater numbers of premature deaths and increased healthcare costs”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Woolf 2011
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since President Obama has been elected, there has been marked growth in Republican party membership among White voters that has been particularly pronounced among the young (18-29) and the low income (less than $30k)”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pew Research Center 2011a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, several lines of evidence highlight the potential of at least some types of medical care to improve health and reduce social inequalities in health.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study that randomized uninsured residents to apply for Medicaid services found that, one year later, the treatment group had higher use of health care services (including primary and preventive care), lower out-of-pocket medical expenses, lower medical debt and financial stress, and better self-reported physical and mental health than the control group (Finkelstein et al. 2011).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Finkelstein et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This research has found that several framing strategies that are widely used such as framing diversity as a strength, arguing that disparities for minorities were early warning indicators (canaries in a coal mine), or claiming that disparities reflect white privilege or are structurally driven were all ineffective (Davey 2009).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Enhancing Emotional Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davey 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both whites who voted for President Obama and those who did not indicate that there is less need to address racial inequality in the U.S. and they would be less supportive of policies to address inequities”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al. 2010
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although increased access to health care led to declines in child and maternal mortality and increases in life expectancy at birth, the low birthweight rate has not declined (Jafari et al. 2010).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jafari et al. 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“First, primary care, with its emphasis on preventive care and the early management of disease is associated with lower total costs of health services, better health at the individual and population level and smaller social disparities in health (Starfield, Shi, and Macinko 2005).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Maximizing Opportunities to Address Disparities in Health Care Settings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Starfield, Shi, and Macinko 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A similar effect not evident after his election or inauguration and no effect was found among whites.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Malat, Timberlake, and Williams 2011
plainn = 46,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, communities vary in their levels of social cohesion and other protective resources such that community capacity can be an important resource at the local level.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Building on Resilience and Protective factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, access to employment, opportunities for economic mobility and other social and economic resources can eliminate disparities in marriage and promote health.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 1994, the year that Nelson Mandela was elected, black levels of happiness and life satisfaction were at the highest level observed between 1983 and 1995, with the racial gap in psychological well-being eliminated for the first time in history (Moller 1998).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moller 1998
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Racial disparities in health are a stark symbol of the historic and ongoing racial inequalities in society.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“That year also marked the lowest proportion of blacks reporting that whites wanted to keep blacks down and the lowest reports of racial discrimination.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jackson et al. 1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research reveals that active duty military service promotes marriage over cohabitation, increases the likelihood of first marriage, and leads to greater stability of marriage and that these effects are greater for blacks than for whites (Teachman 2007; Teachman 2009; Teachman and Tedrow 2008).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Teachman 2007
- Not checked yetcites Teachman 2009
- Not checked yetcites Teachman and Tedrow 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other research reveals that when President Barak Obama’s stereotype-defying success received considerable media attention (just after his nomination at the Democratic Convention and his election) there was improvement in black academic performance and a marked reduction in the well-documented negative effects of racial stereotypes on black academic performance (Marx, Ko, and Friedman 2009).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marx, Ko, and Friedman 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both exposure to protective resources and the particular patterns of response that are mobilized to deal with potential threats can affect the levels of risk factors and also minimize the negative effects of particular risks.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Building on Resilience and Protective factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, among both males and females, American Indians and whites have suicide rates that are comparable to each other and two to three times higher than those of blacks, Asians and Hispanics (Centers for Disease Control 2011).”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > Building on Resilience and Protective factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Centers for Disease Control 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study using cross-sectional data for 50 states for a 10-year period documented that states with more generous spending on education, more progressive taxation systems and more humane (lenient) TANF and Medicaid program rules had better overall population health (Kim and Jennings 2009) with the effects being stronger for overall mortality than for infant mortality.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim and Jennings 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“For example, the life expectancy for blacks declined from the 1984 level for 5 years in a row while the life expectancy of whites increased slightly during this period.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Miles to Go: Enhancing the Science of Intervention > More Systematic and Rigorous Evaluation of Social Policies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Collins 1995
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They attest to the enduring effects of the institutionalization of inequality for stigmatized social groups.”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Racial inequalities in health are unjust and warrant societal intervention.
“there is an urgent need to develop a science base to guide societal interventions”
The paper relies on this without support.
Societal interventions can effectively reduce racial health inequities.
“identify the optimal interventions that would confront and dismantle the societal conditions that create and sustain health inequalities”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The historically stigmatized racial groups, blacks (or African Americans), Native Americans (or American Indians and Alaska Natives) and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, have worse health than that of whites [1]”
From Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > References
“21. Colen Cynthia G. Addressing Racial Disparities in Health Using Life Course Perspectives Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 2011 8 79 94 PMC5993442 29887911”
§ Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health > References
“75. Sternthal Michelle J. Slopen Natalie Williams David R. Racial Disparities in Health: How Much Does Stress Really Matter? Du Bois Review 2011 8 95 113 PMC5993442 29887911”
Citations
Cites
Contribution of Primary Care to Health Systems and Health
STARFIELD, B., SHI, L., & MACINKO, J. (2005) · The Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00409.x · Cited by 5,507
Journal of the National Medical Association
(2010) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30622-2 · Cited by 5,338
Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2004) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/0002828042002561 · Cited by 4,504
Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review.
Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0016059 · Cited by 4,427
The New Zealand Medical Journal 1887-1987.
Rg, R. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 3,673
Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 · Cited by 3,371
Self-citationRacial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health
Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1093/phr/116.5.404 · Cited by 3,153
Self-citationMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
(2010) · Wilderness and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.wem.2010.09.015 · Cited by 2,976
National Vital Statistics Reports
Salkind, N. J. (2005) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952484.n432 · Cited by 2,941
Pager, D. (2003) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/374403 · Cited by 2,840
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Almond Douglas, Chay Kenneth Y. 2006. “The Long-Run and Intergenerational Impact of Poor Infant Health: Evidence from Cohorts Born during the Civil Rights Era.” Working Paper: National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
- American Sociological Association, 2003, The Importance of Collecting Data and Doing Scientific Research on Race
- Bramley Dale, 2004, New Zealand Medical Journal, 117, U1215
- Geronimus Arline T., 1992, Ethnicity and Disease, 2, 207
- Jackson James S., 1996, Ethnicity and Disease, 6, 132
- Malat Jennifer, 2011, Ethnicity and Disease, 21, 349
- Office of Management and Budget, 1997, Federal Register, 62, 58781
- Stinson Frederick S., 1996, U.S. Alcohol Epidemiologic Data Reference Manual
- Tucker Clyde, 1996, Bureau of Labor Statistical Notes, 40, 1
- Xu Jiaquan, 2010, National Vital Statistics Reports, 58, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Racism and health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., & Davis, B. A. (2019) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750 · Cited by 2,398
Self-citationRacism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2013) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764213487340 · Cited by 1,336
Self-citationCarnethon, M. R., Pu, J., Howard, G., Albert, M. A., Anderson, C. A. M., Bertoni, A. G., Mujahid, M. S., Palaniappan, L., Taylor, H. A., Willis, M., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000534 · Cited by 1,147
Understanding associations among race, socioeconomic status, and health: Patterns and prospects.
Williams, D. R., Priest, N., & Anderson, N. B. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000242 · Cited by 1,147
Self-citationUnderstanding how discrimination can affect health
Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., Davis, B. A., & Vu, C. (2019) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13222 · Cited by 853
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Williams, D. R.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Williams, David R.
- ORCID
- Williams, David R.
- Venue
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-08-31
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 279-295
- ISSN
- 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
- 2150-6000
- PMC
- PMC3712789
- OpenAlex
- W2145131361
- Cited by
- 507
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 11.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA148596)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Keywords
- racial disparities in health, health disparities, racism, institutional racism, individual racism, social determinants of health, health interventions, social change
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Awareness, Humans, Mortality, Politics, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Sociology, Medical, Time Factors, Racial Groups, Health Status Disparities, Healthcare Disparities, Policy, Racism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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