Understanding how discrimination can affect health
Open accessAbstract
Background: To provide an overview of the empirical research linking self‐reports of racial discrimination to health status and health service utilization. Methods: A review of literature reviews and meta‐analyses published from January 2013 to 2019 was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science. Articles were considered for inclusion using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) framework. Results: Twenty‐nine studies met the criteria for review. Both domestic and international studies find that experiences of discrimination reported by adults are adversely related to mental health and indicators of physical health, including preclinical indicators of disease, health behaviors, utilization of care, and adherence to medical regimens. Emerging evidence also suggests that discrimination can affect the health of children and adolescents and that at least some of its adverse effects may be ameliorated by the presence of psychosocial resources. Conclusions: Increasing evidence indicates that racial discrimination is an emerging risk factor for disease and a contributor to racial disparities in health. Attention is needed to strengthen research gaps and to advance our understanding of the optimal interventions that can reduce the negative effects of discrimination.
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The association between gender-linked discrimination and poor mental and physical health appears to be mediated through exposure to stress-related experiences.
“This appears to be mediated through exposure to stress-related experiences”
From Comorbidity between major depressive disorder and physical diseases: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, mechanisms and management (2023) · cites this paper as [164]
The Background and Theoretical Framework (page unavailable) describes perceived discrimination as a stressor and explains pathways from stressful discriminatory experiences to poorer mental and physical health. The Discussion (page unavailable) includes gender among discrimination domains, but the copy does not specifically establish stress-related mediation of both health outcomes for gender-linked discrimination. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe association between gender-linked discrimination and poor mental and physical health may also be driven by gender-specific disparities in access to education, home ownership, and safety in the home and employment (women and girls), or an over-representation in the criminal justice system and reduced access to health care (men and boys).
“but may be also driven by gender-specific disparities in access to education, home ownership, and safety in the home and employment (women and girls), or an over-representation in the criminal justice system and reduced access to health care (men and boys)164.”
From Comorbidity between major depressive disorder and physical diseases: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, mechanisms and management (2023) · cites this paper as [164]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDiscrimination, marginalization and victimization linked to gender are associated with a greater risk of experiencing poor mental and physical health.
“Discrimination, marginalization and victimization linked to gender are associated with a greater risk of experiencing poor mental and physical health.”
From Comorbidity between major depressive disorder and physical diseases: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, mechanisms and management (2023) · cites this paper as [164]
The Results sections link discrimination to poorer mental and physical health, and the mental-health section includes discrimination attributed to sex among women. The paper does not establish the full claim about gender-linked marginalization and victimization; its physical-health findings largely concern racial or unspecified discrimination. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., Davis, B. A., & Vu, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Williams, David R.
- Venue
- Health Services Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-10-29
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- S2
- Pages
- 1374-1388
- ISSN
- 0017-9124 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-6773
- PMC
- PMC6864381
- OpenAlex
- W2982441784
- Cited by
- 853
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 127 · 2025: 180 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 132 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 16.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- W.K. Kellogg Foundation (P0131281)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- racial discrimination, racial disparities in health, mental health, physical health, health care utilization, health behavior, medication adherence, children and adolescents, psychosocial resources
- MeSH terms
- Health Status, Humans, Mental Health, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Health Behavior, Healthcare Disparities, Racism
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