Differentiating Literacy Growth of ELL Students With LD From Other High-Risk Subgroups and General Education Peers: Evidence From Grades 3–10
Abstract
The authors used a large data set (N = 1,011,549) to examine literacy growth over a single school year comparing general education (GenEd) students to three high-risk subgroups: English language learners (ELL), those with a specific learning disability (LD), and those identified as both LD and ELL (LD-ELL) in students in Grades 3-10. The authors were particularly interested in whether variability existed between initial status and the growth trajectories of the three high-risk groups on measures of spelling, fluency, and reading comprehension across the school year and whether this variability was differentiated because of socioeconomic status (SES) as defined by free and reduced lunch (FRL) status. Results indicate that all high-risk groups began the year at substantially lower levels than their GenEd peers, with the largest differences seen between the LD-ELL students and the other subgroups. Further results suggest that students who are in the high-risk subgroups and also qualify for FRL perform significantly worse than their peers in similar risk status groups who do not qualify for FRL, demonstrating the significant impact of SES on academic outcomes for all groups.
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Benefits of mRNA vaccines are the induction of balanced and enduring immunity as demonstrated for anti-tumor and prophylactic vaccination, simple supply, and storage at elevated temperature.
“Benefits are the induction of balanced and enduring immunity as demonstrated for anti-tumor and prophylactic vaccination [14–16], simple supply, and storage at elevated temperature, as reviewed elsewhere [17,18].”
The data support and extend previous findings for mRNA vaccines against influenza in adult and newborn mice.
“These data support and extend previous findings for mRNA vaccines against influenza in adult and newborn mice [16].”
The study further substantiated and extended previously published work on non-replicating influenza-specific mRNA vaccines, proving protective efficacy of mRNA vaccination in a second, harsh viral challenge model.
“In summary, we further substantiated and extended previously published work on non-replicating influenza-specific mRNA vaccines [16], proving the protective efficacy of mRNA vaccination in a second, harsh viral challenge model.”
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“These findings, together with the stability of mRNA vaccine [16,55] and projected as well as observed cost for production of mRNA vaccines [19–21] further substantiate the assumption that this new vaccination strategy may be extended to the prophylaxis and treatment of infectious diseases in general.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
- Authors
- Solari, E. J., Petscher, Y., & Folsom, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Learning Disabilities
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-11-02
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 329-348
- ISSN
- 0022-2194 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4780
- OpenAlex
- W2116435684
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 0.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Learning Disabilities (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD052120)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- literacy development, English language learners, specific learning disabilities, at-risk students, socioeconomic status, free and reduced-price meals, spelling, reading fluency, reading comprehension, growth trajectories, primary and secondary school students
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adolescent, Child, Dyslexia, Education, Special, Female, Humans, Learning Disabilities, Male, Minority Groups, Reading, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Linear Models, Risk Assessment, Multilingualism, Comprehension
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