The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs
Abstract
A critical element in the evolution of a fundamental body of knowledge in marketing, as well as for improved marketing practice, is the development of better measures of the variables with which marketers work. In this article an approach is outlined by which this goal can be achieved and portions of the approach are illustrated in terms of a job satisfaction measure.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In doing so, we followed widely accepted methodological guidelines and frameworks ( Churchill 1979; De Vellis 2003; Hinkin 1998; MacKenzie et al. 2011).”
From Trust in the Sharing Economy (2016) · cites this paper as Churchill 1979
In the citing paper
“thus contributing to the establishment of content validity for the preliminary CBE scale.”
From Consumer Brand Engagement in Social Media: Conceptualization, Scale Development and Validation (2014) · cites this paper as Churchill 1979
In the citing paper
“The Cronbach Alpha for EU was 0.68 and the Cronbach Alpha for FU was 0.73.These reliabilities are seen as weak but acceptable (Churchill, 1979).”
From How personal nostalgia influences giving to charity (2011) · cites this paper as Churchill (1979)
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
The critical incident technique.
Flanagan, J. C. (1954) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0061470 · Cited by 8,191
Rogelberg, S. G. (2007) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952651.n55 · Cited by 5,309
Torgerson, W. S. (1958) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,920
Book Review: The Theory of Buyer Behavior
Bither, S. W., Howard, J. A., & Sheth, J. N. (1971) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1250571 · Cited by 2,805
Focus Groups and the Nature of Qualitative Marketing Research
Calder, B. J. (1977) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3150774 · Cited by 729
The Nature and Scope of Marketing
Hunt, S. D. (1976) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224297604000304 · Cited by 615
Measuring the Job Satisfaction of Industrial Salesmen
Churchill, G. A., Ford, N. M., & Walker, O. C. (1974) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224377401100303 · Cited by 615
Self-citationTheory of Psychological Measurement
(1965) · Students Quarterly Journal · doi:10.1049/sqj.1965.0018 · Cited by 382
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- BohrnstedtGeorge W. “Reliability and Validity Assessment in Attitude Measurement,” in SummersGene F., ed., Attitude Measurement. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1970, 80–99.
- BuzzellRobert D. “Is Marketing a Science,” Harvard Business Review, 41 (January–February 1963), 32–48.
- CampbellJohn P. “Psychometric Theory,” in DunetteMarvin D., ed., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally, Inc., 1976, 185–222.
- ConversePaul D. “The Development of a Science in Marketing,” Journal of Marketing, 10 (July 1945), 14–23.
- CzepeilJohn A., RosenbergLarry J., and AkeraleAdebayo. “Perspectives on Consumer Satisfaction,” in CurhanRonald C., ed., 1974 Combined Proceedings. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1974, 119–23.
- GardnerBurleigh B. “Attitude Research Lacks System to Help It Make Sense,” Marketing News, 11 (May 5, 1978), 1.
- HowardJohn A. and ShethJagdish N. The Theory of Buyer Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969.
- KerlingerFred N. Foundations of Behavioral Research, 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, Inc., 1973.
- LeyPhilip. Quantitative Aspects of Psychological Assessment. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company, Ltd., 1972.
- NunnallyJum C. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.
- SelltizClaire, WrightsmanLawrence S., and CookStuart W. Research Methods in Social Relations, 3rd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 13,801–13,900 of 16,524
A Discrete-Time Hazard Model of a New Golf Course
Richard, M. D., Mitra, K., & McMahon, D. (1998) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/10696679.1998.11501790 · Cited by 1
Influence of internal communication on employees’ brand outcomes
Sriyothin, S. S. (2016) · University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford) · Cited by 1
Cooper, J. N. (2013) · Cited by 1
Adekambi, S. A. (2015) · doi:10.18174/333126 · Cited by 1
Conceptualizing luxury brand attachment
Shimul, A. S. (2015) · eSpace (Curtin University) · Cited by 1
Lee, W. (2015) · UTAS Research Repository · doi:10.25959/23238935 · Cited by 1
Felföldi, J., Molnár, A., & Gellynck, X. (2006) · International Journal of Horticultural Science · doi:10.31421/ijhs/12/3/669 · Cited by 1
Rizwan, M. S. (2017) · Middlesex University Research Repository (Middlesex University Of London) · Cited by 1
Respondent-Defined Scale Length: A Means of Overcoming Response Style Contamination
Cockrill, A. (2006) · Cited by 1
Design und Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung
Janz, M. (2004) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-81725-9_5 · Cited by 1
Ekeren, D. M. (2017) · Scholarship & Creative Works - Digital UNC a service of University Libraries (University of Northern Colorado) · Cited by 1
Equity Sensitivity: Scale Development and Validation.
Sauley, K. S. (1995) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.6050 · Cited by 1
O torcedor como vantagem competitiva: uma análise sob a ótica da transferência da lealdade
Malagrino, F. D. A. F. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.12.2017.tde-14062017-110455 · Cited by 1
Development of a "Team Culture Indicator".
Waguespack, B. (1994) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.5766 · Cited by 1
Seares, R. (2004) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · Cited by 1
Tacit knowledge integration within the traditional construction procurement system
Takhtravanchi, M. (2017) · University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford) · Cited by 1
Zahid, S. M. (2017) · NDSU Repository (North Dakota State University) · Cited by 1
Data gathering for science and research
Vaníček, J. (2004) · Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) · doi:10.17221/5163-agricecon · Cited by 1
Identifying the Influences of Psychological Factors on Fashion Customization
Seo, S. (2018) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.4659 · Cited by 1
Factors influencing franchisees' business performance : a study on the Nigerian franchise system
Adeiza, A. (2017) · UUM Electronic Theses and Dissertation [eTheses] (Northern University of Malaysia) · Cited by 1
Linke, A. (2018) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 1
Söderlund, M. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5268-6_10 · Cited by 1
Governance Configurations: Testing the Global Value Chain Framework
AlBuloushi, N. (2018) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.116771 · Cited by 1
The personality of luxury brands: scale development and consequences
Karpova, A. (2018) · City Research Online (City University London) · Cited by 1
The impact of public managers' leadership styles on results-based planning practices in Vietnam
Pham, H. T. P. (2018) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17072597.v1 · Cited by 1
Tan, B. I. (2018) · Cited by 1
Sulungbudi, M. (2017) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 1
Specification and Empirical Assessment of an Integrated Model of Employee Extra-role Behaviors
Pawar, B. S. (1996) · SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University) · Cited by 1
Orientação para o mercado: uma proposta teórica e um estudo de caso no varejo brasileiro
Sobrinho, Z. A. (2000) · doi:10.11606/t.12.2000.tde-20092023-112737 · Cited by 1
Systems Thinking and Construction Safety: Leadership Competencies and Behaviours
Alidrisi, H. M. (2018) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.25904/1912/1716 · Cited by 1
User-centric factors affecting the adoption of mobile government - the case of Oman
Amri, S. Q. A. (2018) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 1
Validation investigation of the Power Base Survey.
Hewat, B. W. (2023) · Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/14755610 · Cited by 1
Children's Relative Influence in Purchase Decision-Making: A Multi-Theoretical Approach.
Williams, L. A. W. (1996) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.6223 · Cited by 1
Balancing exploration, exploitation, and efficiency : a framework of entrepreneurial learning.
Digan, S. P. (2019) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3232 · Cited by 1
The effect of social norms on impulsive buying
Xu, M. (2019) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 1
Roberts, C. (2019) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.25904/1912/551 · Cited by 2
Factors Affecting Talent Management in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Suggesting Organizational Response
Irshad, M. (2018) · Cited by 1
Developing an Automation Locus of Control Scale
Edwards, M. (2019) · Cited by 1
Duan, X. (2018) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 1
A Comparative Study of e-Tail Service Quality Scale in USA and India
Geddam, U. K. (2015) · doi:10.33915/etd.5656 · Cited by 1
The Concept of Information Literacy (IL) in the Workplace.
Chan, C. F. P. (2012) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) · Cited by 1
LOHAS (Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability) scale development and validation
Choi, S. Y. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.25394/pgs.12344012.v1 · Cited by 1
Enhancing accounting student internship programmes in Malaysia: a framework
Ling, M. C. P. (2020) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00283 · Cited by 1
West, A. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3248378 · Cited by 1
Determinants of Informal Coordination in Networked Supply ChainsPreprint
Ogulin, R., Selen, W. J., & Ashayeri, J. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1740391 · Cited by 1
Organisational culture and productivity of the construction industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Almathami, K. Y. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.205385 · Cited by 1
Cleaning up the big muddy: psychological ownership and its effect on entrepreneurial persistence
Silla, M. (2020) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria) · Cited by 1
Empirical Determinants of Consumers’ Uptake of Electronic Banking in Selected States of NigeriaPreprint
Agwu, E. M. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3122470 · Cited by 1
Favacho, V. B. C. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.83.2019.tde-22022021-091247 · Cited by 2
Integration quality dynamics in multichannel services marketing
Hossain, T. M. T. (2020) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 1
Student centred digital game-based learning
Coleman, T. E. (2021) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 1
Sitorus, T. W. (2008) · Cross Connect (Southern Cross University) · Cited by 1
Imposter phenomenon (IP): An experimental examination of state IP
Gullifor, D. P. (2019) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University) · Cited by 1
Examining Gift-Giving Motives in a Cross-Cultural Context
Ambwani, V. (2014) · doi:10.22215/etd/2014-10127 · Cited by 1
Fergurson, J. R. (2017) · doi:10.12794/metadc1062901 · Cited by 1
Grundlagen der kompetenten Betriebstypenmarke
Salfeld, A. (2003) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-81659-7_2 · Cited by 1
Gomes, P. J. P. (2013) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 1
The impact of market orientation on the performance of professional service firms
Tschida, M. (2010) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) · Cited by 1
Operationalisierung der Konstrukte im Wirkungsmodell
(2008) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9936-8_5 · Cited by 1
The Family Firm Institute, I. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118731291.ch1 · Cited by 1
Methodische Konzeption der Untersuchung
(2008) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9969-6_4 · Cited by 1
Ableitung des Forschungsmodells
(2009) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-8128-8_4 · Cited by 1
Belabbes, I., Amine, A., Oubrich, M., Hakmaoui, A., & Amrani, S. E. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4065589 · Cited by 1
Wang, W., Qu, Y., & Yan, F. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1558078/v1 · Cited by 1
What You Touch, Touches You: The Impact of Haptics on Consumer Brand Impressions
Ranaweera, H. R. A. T. (2019) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.132689 · Cited by 1
The impact of environmental uncertainty on business–IT alignment: A study in Sri Lanka
Padukkage, A. (2016) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17143676 · Cited by 1
Dowding, K. M. (2011) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412994088.n296 · Cited by 1
AN EVALUATION OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING SURVEY
Chakrabarty, S. (2002) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.91.7.1255-1267 · Cited by 1
Institutions, Strategic Posture and Performance of Micro, Small and Medum Enterprises
Roxas, H. (2009) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16968253 · Cited by 2
Consumers' resistance to discontinuing a familiar technology, the paper bill
McNeish, J. (2010) · doi:10.22215/etd/2010-09567 · Cited by 1
Curran, J., Carter, S., Hill, J., et al. (1997) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242697161006 · Cited by 1
Mahajan, P. T., & Patil, V. (2021) · doi:10.31124/advance.14306192.v1 · Cited by 1
Bardakçı, A., Kadirov, D., Fam, K. S., Vuchkovski, D., & Richard, J. (2020) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12786599.v1 · Cited by 1
Manathunge, K. A. D. N., Samaraweera, V. A., Withanage, W. J. H., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4116140 · Cited by 1
Factors affecting the acceptance of electronic banking services among individuals in YemenPreprint
Ghallab, H. M. H., & Zhu, H. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1863331/v1 · Cited by 1
Bridging Gender Equality in The Workplace: The Role of Personal Branding and Self-ConfidencePreprint
Frendika, R., Gaus, N., & Budiarti, I. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1713892/v1 · Cited by 1
Dispositional Fear of Missing Out Susceptibility: Development of a Trait-ScalePreprint
Neumann, D., & Rhodes, N. D. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/xe3c4 · Cited by 1
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: PERFORMANCE AND RISK MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE
Hong, L. (2022) · doi:10.23860/diss-hong-leo-2022 · Cited by 1
Messung und Sicherstellung der Dienstleistungsqualität im Kreditgewerbe
Bruhn, M. (1997) · Credit and Capital Markets – Kredit und Kapital · doi:10.3790/ccm.30.3.412 · Cited by 1
A Method for Evaluation of e-Government systems information Agility: Case of e-AlgeriaPreprint
Aggoune, S., & Riahla, M. A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2564949/v1 · Cited by 1
Singhdong, P. (2020) · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2020.287 · Cited by 1
Nguyen, T. (2016) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17057999 · Cited by 1
Motor Vehicle Insurance Industry in India
Yadav, U. S., Yadav, N. K., Tripathi, R., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781394167944.ch2 · Cited by 1
Rule-breaking and entrepreneurship
Zhang, S. (2023) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.242759 · Cited by 1
Saini, N., Saimon, R., & Safii, R. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3367937/v1 · Cited by 1
Chiaramonte‐Cipolla, L. (2013) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-95120 · Cited by 1
Li, K., Bashiri, M., Lim, M. K., & Akpobi, T. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4598795 · Cited by 1
Mapokotera, C., Mataruka, L. T., Muzurura, J., et al. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/ut5rbu · Cited by 1
Mapokotera, C., Mataruka, L. T., Muzurura, J., & Mkumbuzi, W. P. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/ut5rbu.2 · Cited by 2
Security and safety perception of commuters of the bus rapid transit system in Lagos State, Nigeria
Adesanya, A. A. (2023) · doi:10.31274/td-20240329-661 · Cited by 1
Data Governance. Enablers, Inhibitors, Practices, and Outcomes
Henninger, A. (2024) · doi:10.32920/26060791.v1 · Cited by 1
From Privacy Washing to Sustainable Data Strategies: A Theory-Based AI ApproachPreprint
Zhong, Z. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5255370 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Churchill, G. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Churchill, Gilbert A.
- Venue
- Journal of Marketing Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1979-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 64-73
- ISSN
- 0022-2437 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-7193
- OpenAlex
- W1991623719
- Semantic Scholar
- d636f05c5febe7b9f879d444d16e14d599401eeb
- Cited by
- 16,549
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 538 · 2025: 581 · 2024: 628 · 2023: 668 · 2022: 737 · 2021: 755 · 2020: 702 · 2019: 774 · 2018: 716 · 2017: 706 · 2016: 743 · 2015: 783 · 2014: 809 · 2013: 806 · 2012: 759
- FWCI
- 10.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Marketing Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Marketing and Advertising Strategies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Keywords
- measurement, construct measurement, marketing theory, marketing practice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review