The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs
Abstract
A critical element in the evolution of a fundamental body of knowledge in marketing, as well as for improved marketing practice, is the development of better measures of the variables with which marketers work. In this article an approach is outlined by which this goal can be achieved and portions of the approach are illustrated in terms of a job satisfaction measure.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In doing so, we followed widely accepted methodological guidelines and frameworks ( Churchill 1979; De Vellis 2003; Hinkin 1998; MacKenzie et al. 2011).”
From Trust in the Sharing Economy (2016) · cites this paper as Churchill 1979
In the citing paper
“thus contributing to the establishment of content validity for the preliminary CBE scale.”
From Consumer Brand Engagement in Social Media: Conceptualization, Scale Development and Validation (2014) · cites this paper as Churchill 1979
In the citing paper
“The Cronbach Alpha for EU was 0.68 and the Cronbach Alpha for FU was 0.73.These reliabilities are seen as weak but acceptable (Churchill, 1979).”
From How personal nostalgia influences giving to charity (2011) · cites this paper as Churchill (1979)
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
The critical incident technique.
Flanagan, J. C. (1954) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0061470 · Cited by 8,191
Rogelberg, S. G. (2007) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952651.n55 · Cited by 5,309
Torgerson, W. S. (1958) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,920
Book Review: The Theory of Buyer Behavior
Bither, S. W., Howard, J. A., & Sheth, J. N. (1971) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1250571 · Cited by 2,805
Focus Groups and the Nature of Qualitative Marketing Research
Calder, B. J. (1977) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3150774 · Cited by 729
The Nature and Scope of Marketing
Hunt, S. D. (1976) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224297604000304 · Cited by 615
Measuring the Job Satisfaction of Industrial Salesmen
Churchill, G. A., Ford, N. M., & Walker, O. C. (1974) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224377401100303 · Cited by 615
Self-citationTheory of Psychological Measurement
(1965) · Students Quarterly Journal · doi:10.1049/sqj.1965.0018 · Cited by 382
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- BohrnstedtGeorge W. “Reliability and Validity Assessment in Attitude Measurement,” in SummersGene F., ed., Attitude Measurement. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1970, 80–99.
- BuzzellRobert D. “Is Marketing a Science,” Harvard Business Review, 41 (January–February 1963), 32–48.
- CampbellJohn P. “Psychometric Theory,” in DunetteMarvin D., ed., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally, Inc., 1976, 185–222.
- ConversePaul D. “The Development of a Science in Marketing,” Journal of Marketing, 10 (July 1945), 14–23.
- CzepeilJohn A., RosenbergLarry J., and AkeraleAdebayo. “Perspectives on Consumer Satisfaction,” in CurhanRonald C., ed., 1974 Combined Proceedings. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1974, 119–23.
- GardnerBurleigh B. “Attitude Research Lacks System to Help It Make Sense,” Marketing News, 11 (May 5, 1978), 1.
- HowardJohn A. and ShethJagdish N. The Theory of Buyer Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969.
- KerlingerFred N. Foundations of Behavioral Research, 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, Inc., 1973.
- LeyPhilip. Quantitative Aspects of Psychological Assessment. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company, Ltd., 1972.
- NunnallyJum C. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.
- SelltizClaire, WrightsmanLawrence S., and CookStuart W. Research Methods in Social Relations, 3rd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 15,101–15,200 of 16,524
Sierra, B., & José, A. (2009)
Mnguni, M. M. (2021) · Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review · doi:10.4102/apsdpr.v9i1.461
Eseghir, A., Berbar, H., Latifi, M., et al. (2021) · ITM Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/itmconf/20213904006
RetractedMeasuring the Pro-innovation Behavioural Profile of OrganizationsPreprint
Barbosa, R. A. P., Silva, R., Filho, F. D. S. P., et al. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3368591
Drivers of retail app continuance use intention among Malaysian millennials
Lim, X. (2020) · Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia)
Mahajan, P. T., & Pati, V. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3812243
Understanding the Moral Attitudes Scale in International Surveys: an Exploratory StudyPreprint
Remizova, A., & Rudnev, M. (2019) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/hr86y
脸书社群参与之探究:信息遗漏恐惧症、知觉有用性、自我呈现及满意度
杨, 佳., 董, 维., & 杨, 国. (2020) · 商业创新期刊 · doi:10.52288/jbi.26636204.2020.04.01
i-Branding as a Tool of Integrated Marketing
Dua, S., Dua, S., & Singh, I. (2021) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7231-3.ch013
Online Marketing Research - Roles in Generating Customer Insights
Mandal, P. C. (2021) · Studies in Business and Economics · doi:10.2478/sbe-2021-0012
Entomophagy: Understanding Consumers’ Value Perceptions and Intentions to Consume Edible Insects
Pousa, C., Lepage, Z., & Shams, F. (2020) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42545-6_190
STUDIES OF OPPORTUNITY RECOGNITION PROCESS: CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNISIAN ENTREPRENEUR PROFILE
Morched, S., & Jarboui, A. (2021) · Journal of Business And Entrepreneurship · doi:10.46273/jobe.v9i2.177
Pineda, M. D. L. D. S., Ramírez, F. C. S., & Reyes-Gónzalez, M. D. C. (2019) · Journal of Social Researches · doi:10.35429/jsr.2019.16.5.8.16
Abdullah, N., & Sheriff, N. M. (2015) · GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review · doi:10.35609/gjbssr.2015.3.3(6
Designing a Laboratory-Based Behavioral Experiment
Kwok, A. O. J., Watabe, M., & Ahmed, P. K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-2343-1_4
A Multiple-Item Dimensional Scale for Measuring Store Equity
Assafe, J. A., & Alhidari, A. (2020) · Developments in marketing science: proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42545-6_27
de Figueiredo, F. H., & Filho, C. G. (2021) · Revista de Gestão e Organizações Cooperativas · doi:10.5902/2359043247103
DESCONTMARKS: Scale Development and Validation
Ismail, A. N. N., Aziz, Y. A., Basha, N. K., et al. (2021) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v17n7p13
Zou, W., Lin, L.-W., Zhou, X., et al. (2021) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70665-4_138
Moshood, T. D. (2020) · UMP Institutional Repository (Universiti Malaysia Pahang)
Bae, B. J., & Heald, G. R. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1926266
Strategic value of data analytics in interorganizational relationships
Kakhki, D., & Mohammad, M. (2018) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
A Proposed Model of Household Waste Separation Behavior: Pilot Test and Instrument Validation
Nasir, S. M., Shafii, H. B., & Yassin, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Social Transformation and Regional Development · doi:10.30880/jstard.2021.03.01.005
김, 광., & 곽, 원. (1998) · ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL · doi:10.53728/2765-6500.1001 · Cited by 1
An Islamic Bank's Customers' Approach to Gamify Mobile Banking
Güngör, A. S., & Kurt, Y. I. (2021) · International Journal of Online Marketing · doi:10.4018/ijom.2021100102
Kim, Y.-S., & Suh, Y. (2018) · Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.24230/kjiop.v31i1.1-31
Ebrahimi, B. P., & Young, S. A. (2021) · Management Review Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11301-021-00232-x
서비스 회복속성이 고객의 공정성인식과 만족에 미치는 영향에 관한 탐색적 연구
유, 재., 김, 성., & 백, 승. (2001) · ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL · doi:10.53728/2765-6500.1063
Desperately seeking kindness: An epistemological paradigmatic adventure
Thomason, M. (2020) · Saint Mary's University Institutional Repository (Saint Mary's University)
A Bias Detection Tool for Construction Dispute Negotiation
Li, K., & Cheung, S. O. (2021) · Springer tracts in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80256-1_3
Thoumrungroje, A., Racela, O. C., & Zhang, M. (2021) · Journal of Asia Business Studies · doi:10.1108/jabs-01-2021-0012
Quân, Đ. H. M., & Giao, P. N. K. (2021) · Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Tài chính - Marketing · doi:10.52932/jfm.vi64.192
Employee Performance Appraisal Satisfaction
Hung, D. (2019) · Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University)
Anastasiadis, A., & Ntovoli, A. (2021) · GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS · doi:10.36106/gjra/3008705
EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED SERVICE QUALITY AND SPORT INVOLVEMENT
Anastasiadis, A., & Ntovoli, A. (2021) · GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS · doi:10.36106/gjra/0609313
Validação empírica do modelo de antecedentes da confiança no comércio eletrônico
Yamamoto, J. S., Fernandes, A., Lopes, E. L., & Pinochet, L. H. C. (2021) · Revista Gestão & Conexões · doi:10.47456/regec.2317-5087.2021.10.3.31547.40-56
Reducing Cash Withdrawal Among Cardholders For A Cashless Society
Hoang, D. P., Nguyễn, M. P., Nguyen, T. H. H., et al. (2021) · Journal Of Organizational Behavior Research · doi:10.51847/gexjrs5ewh
Jaotombo, F., & Lacroux, A. (2021) · Revue de gestion des ressources humaines · doi:10.3917/grhu.121.0037
Barha, M., Hmimou, S., Kerroum, M. A., et al. (2021) · Advances in Science Technology and Engineering Systems Journal · doi:10.25046/aj060508
Lahlouh, K., & Huaman‐Ramirez, R. (2021) · Recherches en Sciences de Gestion · doi:10.3917/resg.144.0225
Three Essays on the Role of Indulgence vs. Restraint in Consumer Behavior
Heydari, A. (2020) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
الرقابة الداخلية وأثرها على جودة التقارير المالية المنشورة
عبدالرحمن, أ. م. ح. ح., & على, د. م. ن. ا. (2018) · Omdurman Islamic University Journal · doi:10.52981/oiuj.v14i1.1629
Scale Development to Measure Employer Engagement
Khan, S. S., Abbas, U., Khan, R. A. M., Sheikh, M. I., Ahmed, H., Hussain, M. M., Zafar, H. M. A., & Sher, S. (2021) · International journal of innovation, creativity and change · doi:10.53333/ijicc2013/15925
The Perceived Value Scale Development for Recycled C&D Waste Products
Nie, W., & Ding, Z. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-3587-8_18
Determining Factors for the Creation of Innovation-based VenturesPreprint
Escorcia, A., Ramos-Ruiz, J., Zuluaga-Ortiz, R. A., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-982312/v1
Orientação para marketing analytics: antecedentes e impacto no desempenho do negócio.
Bedante, G. N. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.12.2019.tde-07052019-114234 · Cited by 1
Cevikparmak, S. (2020) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1707314
Haro, C. Y. B., Osuna, B. A. L., & López, J. G. F. (2021) · Revista de Investigación Académica Sin Frontera División de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales · doi:10.46589/rdiasf.vi36.398
Chambilla, R., Tomiuk, D., Zuccaro, C., et al. (2021) · Advances in Science Technology and Engineering Systems Journal · doi:10.25046/aj060607
Mahmud, A., Ibrahim, A. A., & Ismaila, H. (2021) · Journal of Vocational Education Studies · doi:10.12928/joves.v4i2.5043
Osei-Owusu, J. Y., Mahmood, R., & Sambasivan, M. (2021) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i11/11519
Exploration patterns at Gazelle Firms: the creation of a questionnaire
Barwegen, R. (2011)
D’Silva, B., D’Silva, S., Modi, S., et al. (2009)
Strategisches Preismanagement für Dienstleistungen — Ergebnisse einer Studie in Neuseeland
Roth, S. (2009) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9957-3_1
Bradford, S. (2014) · DigitalCommons - Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University)
Factors Influencing BI Data Collection Strategies: An Empirical Investigation
Ramakrishnan, T. (2010) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc31544
Sichtmann, C., Möller, S., Hogreve, J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11573-011-0487-2
Vermarktungsrelevante Charakteristika bei one-way-communication Services
Rosendahl, T. (1999) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-95213-4_2
Future of Interactive technologies
Mohammed, N. M. (2026) · Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) · doi:10.17869/enu.204044
Information Systems Development Success: Perspective of Software Development Team Members
Zelazny, L. (2009) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems
Aldakhil, A. M. (2011) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Empirische Modellprüfung am Beispiel der Tourismusbranche
Pohl, A. (2004) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-82026-6_5
Londoño, J. C. (2013) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)
Keys to the Survival of the Family Firm
Zornoza, C. C., & Moreno, J. A. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-3550-2.ch005
Sanglé-Ferrière, M., & Voyer, B. G. (2021) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) · doi:10.1177/07673701211052314
Baruah, R. (2021) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20210830rb
Yao, L., Xu, Z., Zhao, X., Chen, Y., Liu, L., Fu, X., & Chen, F. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1150073/v1
Customers’ Perception Toward Taxi Management in Kathmandu Valley
Oli, M., Devkota, N., Paudel, U. R., et al. (2021) · Studies in Infrastructure and Control · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6936-1_9
En-contexto, R. (2019) · Revista En-contexto · doi:10.53995/23463279.689
Mobile and E-Commerce: Study of Indian Young Consumer
Jha, P. B., & Balaji, D. (2014) · IOSR Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.9790/487x-16831827
Mahajan, P. T., & Patil, V. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-328945/v1
Developing a Motivation Scale for Engineering Studies in a Francophone Context
Chédru, M. (2019) · Mesure et évaluation en éducation · doi:10.7202/1084127ar · Cited by 1
Impact Analysis of Unified Communications on Managers’ Verbal Communication and Organizational Form
Heinrich, T. N. (2021) · Eurasian studies in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85304-4_3
(2017) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.cadar.2017.01.0211
The Adoption of “E-Banking” by Lebanese Banks
Toufaily, É., Daghfous, N., & Toffoli, R. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-607-7.ch007
Marques, E. C., & Marques, R. C. (2021) · Editora Poisson eBooks · doi:10.36229/978-65-5866-139-9.cap.08
Tópicos em Administração – Volume 42
(2021) · Editora Poisson eBooks · doi:10.36229/978-65-5866-139-9
(2018) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-4984-0.ch003
An Integrated Model of Perceived Risk and Risk-Reducing Strategies in the Tunisian Stock Market
Béjaoui, A., & Karaa, A. (2020) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch006
Metadata
- Authors
- Churchill, G. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Churchill, Gilbert A.
- Venue
- Journal of Marketing Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1979-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 64-73
- ISSN
- 0022-2437 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-7193
- OpenAlex
- W1991623719
- Semantic Scholar
- d636f05c5febe7b9f879d444d16e14d599401eeb
- Cited by
- 16,549
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 538 · 2025: 581 · 2024: 628 · 2023: 668 · 2022: 737 · 2021: 755 · 2020: 702 · 2019: 774 · 2018: 716 · 2017: 706 · 2016: 743 · 2015: 783 · 2014: 809 · 2013: 806 · 2012: 759
- FWCI
- 10.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Marketing Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Marketing and Advertising Strategies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Keywords
- measurement, construct measurement, marketing theory, marketing practice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review