The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs
Abstract
A critical element in the evolution of a fundamental body of knowledge in marketing, as well as for improved marketing practice, is the development of better measures of the variables with which marketers work. In this article an approach is outlined by which this goal can be achieved and portions of the approach are illustrated in terms of a job satisfaction measure.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In doing so, we followed widely accepted methodological guidelines and frameworks ( Churchill 1979; De Vellis 2003; Hinkin 1998; MacKenzie et al. 2011).”
From Trust in the Sharing Economy (2016) · cites this paper as Churchill 1979
In the citing paper
“thus contributing to the establishment of content validity for the preliminary CBE scale.”
From Consumer Brand Engagement in Social Media: Conceptualization, Scale Development and Validation (2014) · cites this paper as Churchill 1979
In the citing paper
“The Cronbach Alpha for EU was 0.68 and the Cronbach Alpha for FU was 0.73.These reliabilities are seen as weak but acceptable (Churchill, 1979).”
From How personal nostalgia influences giving to charity (2011) · cites this paper as Churchill (1979)
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
The critical incident technique.
Flanagan, J. C. (1954) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0061470 · Cited by 8,191
Rogelberg, S. G. (2007) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952651.n55 · Cited by 5,309
Torgerson, W. S. (1958) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,920
Book Review: The Theory of Buyer Behavior
Bither, S. W., Howard, J. A., & Sheth, J. N. (1971) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1250571 · Cited by 2,805
Focus Groups and the Nature of Qualitative Marketing Research
Calder, B. J. (1977) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3150774 · Cited by 729
The Nature and Scope of Marketing
Hunt, S. D. (1976) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224297604000304 · Cited by 615
Measuring the Job Satisfaction of Industrial Salesmen
Churchill, G. A., Ford, N. M., & Walker, O. C. (1974) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224377401100303 · Cited by 615
Self-citationTheory of Psychological Measurement
(1965) · Students Quarterly Journal · doi:10.1049/sqj.1965.0018 · Cited by 382
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- BohrnstedtGeorge W. “Reliability and Validity Assessment in Attitude Measurement,” in SummersGene F., ed., Attitude Measurement. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1970, 80–99.
- BuzzellRobert D. “Is Marketing a Science,” Harvard Business Review, 41 (January–February 1963), 32–48.
- CampbellJohn P. “Psychometric Theory,” in DunetteMarvin D., ed., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally, Inc., 1976, 185–222.
- ConversePaul D. “The Development of a Science in Marketing,” Journal of Marketing, 10 (July 1945), 14–23.
- CzepeilJohn A., RosenbergLarry J., and AkeraleAdebayo. “Perspectives on Consumer Satisfaction,” in CurhanRonald C., ed., 1974 Combined Proceedings. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1974, 119–23.
- GardnerBurleigh B. “Attitude Research Lacks System to Help It Make Sense,” Marketing News, 11 (May 5, 1978), 1.
- HowardJohn A. and ShethJagdish N. The Theory of Buyer Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969.
- KerlingerFred N. Foundations of Behavioral Research, 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, Inc., 1973.
- LeyPhilip. Quantitative Aspects of Psychological Assessment. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company, Ltd., 1972.
- NunnallyJum C. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.
- SelltizClaire, WrightsmanLawrence S., and CookStuart W. Research Methods in Social Relations, 3rd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 15,201–15,300 of 16,524
Grundlagen und Prozess der Marktforschung
Homburg, C. (2012) · Gabler Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-3628-8_6
(2014) · Best practices and advances in program management series · doi:10.1201/b17681-30
Frikha, A. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119671374.refs
Thies, S. (2005) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-81201-8_8
Problem-Solving Style, Problem Complexity and Knowledge Generation
lo Storto, C. (2011) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-519-3.ch003
(2007) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8350-9032-3_6
(2009) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9952-8_6
Konstrukt der Markenpersönlichkeit
(2009) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9987-0_2
The Impact of Software Testing Governance Choices
Zhang, X. “., Onita, C. G., & Dhaliwal, J. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3923-0.ch068
Goglin, C. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119817895.refs
Schäfers, B. (2004) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-81182-0_6
Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung
(2008) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9969-6_5
Reniers, G. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9783527630356.refs
Hennig, B. (2001) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-91483-5_7
Goglin, C. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119801481.refs
(2008) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9714-2_7
Sinkovics, R. R. (1999) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-663-08481-5_8
Malicha, R. (2005) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-82048-8_8
(2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83909-558-020201011
(2008) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9731-9_7
Ihde, O. B. (1996) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-99473-8_11
Rothenberger, S. (2005) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-81874-4_7
(2009) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-8090-8_5
(2008) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9642-8_7
Wieseke, J. (2004) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-81891-1_9
(2008) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9937-5_8
(2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118509043.refs
Erfolgsfaktorenforschung im Innovationsmanagement
(2007) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8350-9627-1_2
Recker, J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30048-6_5 · Cited by 1
(2007) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8350-9485-7_3
(2008) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9732-6_8
Becker, J. U. (2004) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-81130-1_9
(2006) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-8350-5705-7_11
Empirische Analyse der Wirkung externer Referenzpreise
(2007) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-0667-0_5
Madhushankha, K. S., & Senathiraja, R. (2022) · International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science · doi:10.47772/ijriss.2022.6138
Moura, L. R. C., Torres, E. P., Cunha, N. R. D. S., et al. (2012) · Nucleus · doi:10.3738/1982.2278.632
Lingyun, G., & Yang, Q. (2022) · Journal of Innovation and Social Science Research · doi:10.53469/jissr.2022.09(03).11
Gómez, A. S. (2022) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · doi:10.6035/14102.2022.722465
Al-Ghathami, A. A. (2022) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.59796 · Cited by 1
Gerenciamento de reclamações: O impacto da satisfação pós-reclamação no comportamento organizacional
Preuss, M., Santini, F. O., & Marconatto, D. A. B. (2022) · RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie · doi:10.1590/1678-6971/eramg220145.pt
Yang, C. C., Kao, J. C., Lai, P., & Zhu, X. (2022) · International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics · doi:10.1504/ijstl.2022.10046023 · Cited by 5
Spotless? Perceived cleanliness in service environments
Vos, M. C. (2022) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036553704 · Cited by 1
Luong, N. T., & Thông, N. N. (2021) · HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE - SOCIAL SCIENCES · doi:10.46223/hcmcoujs.soci.en.11.2.2051.2021 · Cited by 1
Pee, L. G., Kankanhalli, A., & Show, V. C. Y. O. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61350-480-2.ch006
Understanding the Moral Attitudes Scale in International Surveys: an Exploratory StudyPreprint
Remizova, A., & Rudnev, M. (2019) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/2ph79
국제유통채널에서 기업의 사회적 책임의 효과에 관한 연구
Oh, H.-M., & Moon, B. (2015) · Journal of Channel and Retailing · doi:10.17657/jcr.2015.04.30.5
Sumaedi, S., Bakti, I., Astrini, N. J., et al. (2014) · SpringerBriefs in business · doi:10.1007/978-981-4585-24-8_4
Exploring Consumer Empowerment in Consumption Communities Based in Social Media
Yahia, I. B., & Ferci, L. E. (2015) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-9461-3.ch045
An Empirical Study on Factors Leading to Employee Retention for Manufacturing Industry in India
Singh, R., & Sankhi, A. (2019) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-0954-8.ch007
Measuring Systems of Virtues Development
Aguirre, G. C., Hyman, M. R., & Shanahan, K. J. (2017) · International handbooks in business ethics · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6510-8_39
Mani, V., & Delgado, C. (2018) · India studies in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1241-0_3
Critical Success Factors for Supplier Development and Buyer Supplier Relationship
Joshi, S. P., Bhasin, H. V., Verma, R., et al. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-3909-4.ch069
How Global are Global Brands? An Empirical Brand Awareness and Image Analysis
Cleff, T., Javier, C., & Walter, N. (2011) · Journal of Euromarketing · doi:10.9768/0020.12.05
A Miles–Snow-féle stratégiai tipológia statisztikai tesztelése szabályozott ágazati környezetben II.
Csepeti, Á., & Bauer, A. (2018) · Statisztikai Szemle · doi:10.20311/stat2018.07.hu0661
Modeling Integrated Marketing Communications for SME Environments
(2018) · Advances in business strategy and competitive advantage book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7891-8.ch004
Children and Young People's Developing Concept of Perceived Value
Williams, J. W. (2012) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17011487.v1
(2019) · Advances in hospitality, tourism and the services industry (AHTSI) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1635-5.ch004
Understanding the Behavioral Determinants of M-Banking Adoption
Seyal, A. H., Rahim, M., & Turner, R. (2013) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-3622-4.ch012
Consumers Perception of Corporate Social Responsibility
Pop, N. A., Vaduva, S. A., Dabija, D., & Fotea, S. L. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-1586-1.ch015
CONCEITUAÇÃO E MENSURAÇÃO DO CONSTRUTO EXECUÇÃO DA ESTRATÉGIA
OLIVEIRA, C. A. D. (2016) · doi:10.17771/pucrio.acad.27301
METCOGNITION AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPER COMPETENCY: CONSTRUCT DEVELOPMENT AND EMPIRICAL VALIDATION
(2007) · Issues in Information Systems · doi:10.48009/2_iis_2007_273-279
Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse
Backhaus, K., Weiber, R., & Erichson, B. (2010) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15249-8_6
Explaining Online Customer Repurchase Intentions from a Relationship-Marketing Perspective
Lin, M.-J., & Wang, W. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2599-8.ch058
Determinants of E-Banking Among Bruneian Corporate Customers
Seyal, A. H. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2053-7.ch007
(2019) · International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) · doi:10.35940/ijrte.d1094.1284s319
Wunderlich, P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36769-4_5
FATORES QUE INFLUENCIAM A INTENÇÃO DE COMPRA ATRAVÉS DE ANÚNCIOS EM MÍDIAS SOCIAIS
VASCONCELOS, M. B. F. D. (2019) · doi:10.17771/pucrio.acad.46807
Survey of Citizens’ Perceptions in the Adoption of National Governmental Portals
Stamati, T., Karantjias, A., & Martakos, D. I. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-848-4.ch012
Kuß, A., Wildner, R., & Kreis, H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-01864-1_4
Ein Mixed-Method-Ansatz zur Zufriedenheitsmessung
Gelbrich, K., Wünschmann, S., & Leuteritz, A. (2007) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9258-1_54
Empirische Untersuchung von Markenimagekonfusion
(2008) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9708-1_4
MODEL PERSAMAAN STRUKTURAL UNTUK MENGETAHUI PERSEPSI KONSUMEN TERHADAP BUAH IMPOR
PRADANA, I. K. T., TASTRAWATI, N. K. T., & KENCANA, I. P. E. N. (2020) · E-Jurnal Matematika · doi:10.24843/mtk.2020.v09.i03.p292
Shareef, M. A., & Archer, N. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-1740-7.ch026
(2007) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8350-9232-7_7
Uses and Gratifications of the Internet in Emerging Markets: The Case of Serbia And Ukraine
Torres-Baumgarten, G., & James, W. (2011) · Journal of Euromarketing · doi:10.9768/0020.12.07
International Education Studies Vol.1, No.1, February 2008
Editor, I. E. S. (2008) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v1n1p0
An Analytical Model to Measure IS-Enabled Organizational Effectiveness
Tang, C. M., & Marthandan, G. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2464-1.ch012
A Consumer Approach towards Assessing the Value of Co-Creation
Sutjijoso, A. L. Q. (2012) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17003233
Full Issue (23.1, Spring/Summer 2012)
Editors, J. O. T. M. (2012) · Journal of Transportation Management · doi:10.22237/jotm/1333238880
Towards an Understanding of User Acceptance to Use Biometrics Authentication Systems in E-Commerce
Al-Harby, F., Qahwajim, R., & Kamala, M. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61350-462-8.ch007
Zaman, M., Simmers, C. A., & Anandarajan, M. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-1948-7.ch015
Food Safety From Consumer Perspective
Domazet, I. S., & Djokić, N. (2019) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8063-8.ch009
Introduction to Construct Measurement
(2007) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8350-5471-4_1
The role of mood and hedonic orientation on the perception of waiting
Marzocchi, G. L. (1997) · Advances in services marketing and management · doi:10.1016/s1067-5671(97)06024-1
Bedeutung der Markenpersönlichkeit
(2009) · Gabler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-9987-0_1
The Identity Salience and Emotional Attachment Strategies in Alumni-University Relationships
Min, J., Segal, M. N., & Dalman, M. D. (2015) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-7357-1.ch058
Kuß, A., & Kleinaltenkamp, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-06546-1_4
Enablers for Advancement of Women into Leadership Position
Bhattacharya, S., Bhattacharya, S., & Mohapatra, S. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8592-4.ch047
Diffusion and Consumer Use of the Internet: A Cross-National Investigation
Kuhlmeier, D. B. (2011) · Journal of Euromarketing · doi:10.9768/0020.12.04
Hartland, T., Damkjaer, B., Miller, C. A., & Thomas, B. C. (2011) · Journal of Euromarketing · doi:10.9768/0020.12.03
Metadata
- Authors
- Churchill, G. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Churchill, Gilbert A.
- Venue
- Journal of Marketing Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1979-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 64-73
- ISSN
- 0022-2437 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-7193
- OpenAlex
- W1991623719
- Semantic Scholar
- d636f05c5febe7b9f879d444d16e14d599401eeb
- Cited by
- 16,549
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 538 · 2025: 581 · 2024: 628 · 2023: 668 · 2022: 737 · 2021: 755 · 2020: 702 · 2019: 774 · 2018: 716 · 2017: 706 · 2016: 743 · 2015: 783 · 2014: 809 · 2013: 806 · 2012: 759
- FWCI
- 10.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Marketing Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Marketing and Advertising Strategies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Keywords
- measurement, construct measurement, marketing theory, marketing practice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review