The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs
Abstract
A critical element in the evolution of a fundamental body of knowledge in marketing, as well as for improved marketing practice, is the development of better measures of the variables with which marketers work. In this article an approach is outlined by which this goal can be achieved and portions of the approach are illustrated in terms of a job satisfaction measure.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In doing so, we followed widely accepted methodological guidelines and frameworks ( Churchill 1979; De Vellis 2003; Hinkin 1998; MacKenzie et al. 2011).”
From Trust in the Sharing Economy (2016) · cites this paper as Churchill 1979
In the citing paper
“thus contributing to the establishment of content validity for the preliminary CBE scale.”
From Consumer Brand Engagement in Social Media: Conceptualization, Scale Development and Validation (2014) · cites this paper as Churchill 1979
In the citing paper
“The Cronbach Alpha for EU was 0.68 and the Cronbach Alpha for FU was 0.73.These reliabilities are seen as weak but acceptable (Churchill, 1979).”
From How personal nostalgia influences giving to charity (2011) · cites this paper as Churchill (1979)
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
The critical incident technique.
Flanagan, J. C. (1954) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0061470 · Cited by 8,191
Rogelberg, S. G. (2007) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952651.n55 · Cited by 5,309
Torgerson, W. S. (1958) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,920
Book Review: The Theory of Buyer Behavior
Bither, S. W., Howard, J. A., & Sheth, J. N. (1971) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1250571 · Cited by 2,805
Focus Groups and the Nature of Qualitative Marketing Research
Calder, B. J. (1977) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3150774 · Cited by 729
The Nature and Scope of Marketing
Hunt, S. D. (1976) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224297604000304 · Cited by 615
Measuring the Job Satisfaction of Industrial Salesmen
Churchill, G. A., Ford, N. M., & Walker, O. C. (1974) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224377401100303 · Cited by 615
Self-citationTheory of Psychological Measurement
(1965) · Students Quarterly Journal · doi:10.1049/sqj.1965.0018 · Cited by 382
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- BohrnstedtGeorge W. “Reliability and Validity Assessment in Attitude Measurement,” in SummersGene F., ed., Attitude Measurement. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1970, 80–99.
- BuzzellRobert D. “Is Marketing a Science,” Harvard Business Review, 41 (January–February 1963), 32–48.
- CampbellJohn P. “Psychometric Theory,” in DunetteMarvin D., ed., Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally, Inc., 1976, 185–222.
- ConversePaul D. “The Development of a Science in Marketing,” Journal of Marketing, 10 (July 1945), 14–23.
- CzepeilJohn A., RosenbergLarry J., and AkeraleAdebayo. “Perspectives on Consumer Satisfaction,” in CurhanRonald C., ed., 1974 Combined Proceedings. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1974, 119–23.
- GardnerBurleigh B. “Attitude Research Lacks System to Help It Make Sense,” Marketing News, 11 (May 5, 1978), 1.
- HowardJohn A. and ShethJagdish N. The Theory of Buyer Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969.
- KerlingerFred N. Foundations of Behavioral Research, 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, Inc., 1973.
- LeyPhilip. Quantitative Aspects of Psychological Assessment. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company, Ltd., 1972.
- NunnallyJum C. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.
- SelltizClaire, WrightsmanLawrence S., and CookStuart W. Research Methods in Social Relations, 3rd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 9,701–9,800 of 16,524
A cross-cultural study of motivation for consuming luxuries
Allison, G. M. (2008) · Lincoln University Research Archive (Lincoln University) · Cited by 8
Research Methods for International Advertising Studies
Taylor, C. R., & Ford, J. B. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118378465.ch2 · Cited by 8
Littrell, R. F. (2010) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.28694.98884 · Cited by 8
Empowerment of non-academic personnel in higher education
Lau, W. K. J. (2010) · doi:10.17077/etd.nua1b3wl · Cited by 8
Validating a Practice-Informed Definition of Employee EngagementPreprint
Witemeyer, H., Ellen, P. S., & Straub, D. W. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2327895 · Cited by 8
Ueacharoenkit, S. (2013) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 9
Chrisman, J. J., Harvey, D., Jarvis, R., et al. (1995) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242695141005 · Cited by 8
Buvik, A. (2000) · Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing · doi:10.1300/j033v07n04_07 · Cited by 8
Die Validität eines Ansatzes zur Separierung der Allokations- und Informationsfunktion des PreisesPreprint
Sattler, H., & Rao, V. R. (1997) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 8
Estrategia, estructura organizativa y desempeño ambiental: repercusiones del ajuste
Barrio, M. E. S., Correa, J. A. A., & Reche, F. M. (1998) · Investigaciones Europeas de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa · Cited by 8
Assessing Marketing Research Use in Tourism with the USER Instrument
Yaman, H. R., & Shaw, R. N. (1998) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/004728759803600308 · Cited by 8
Park, C., Vertinsky, I. B., & Minbaeva, D. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2198885 · Cited by 8
DOCTOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Milad, A. I., & Valley, P. (2008) · Cited by 8
Born global companies as Market- Driven organisations: an empirical analysis
Mascherpa, S. (2012) · BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) · Cited by 8
Odhiambo, J. O. (2014) · University of Nairobi Research Archive (University of Nairobi) · Cited by 8
Analysis of Brand Resonance Amongst Young Consumers with Reference to Select Product Categories
Raut, U. R. (2015) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.34626/1xga-6966 · Cited by 8
Choi, Y. (2004) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 8
The effects of market orientation
Sandvik, K. (1998) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 8
Electronic word-of-mouth in online brand communities: drivers and outcomes
Pasternak, O. (2017) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow) · Cited by 8
Work-life balance practices in the healthcare industry: the case of East Malaysia
Dousin, O. (2017) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27590649 · Cited by 8
Platform Adoption in System Markets: The Roles of Preference Heterogeneity and Consumer ExpectationsPreprint
Steiner, M., Wiegand, N., Eggert, A., & Backhaus, K. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2609402 · Cited by 8
E-Health individual adoption - empirical model based on UTAUT 2.
Goulão, A. P. B. A. (2014) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 8
Managing flexibility in outsourcing
Tan, C. (2008) · doi:10.32657/10356/7912 · Cited by 8
The Use and Misuse of Structural Equation Modeling in Management Research: A Review and CritiquePreprint
Davcik, N. S. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2195970 · Cited by 8
Backers’ motivations in sports clubs reward-based crowdfunding campaigns
Kościółek, S. (2021) · Journal of Physical Education and Sport · doi:10.7752/jpes.2021.s2147 · Cited by 9
Sarvari, N. G. (2012) · Eastern Mediterranean University Institutional Repository (Eastern Mediterranean University) · Cited by 8
New Product Newness and Benefits : A Study of Software Products from the Firms’ Perspective
Verma, S. (2010) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 8
Scale development in marketing research
Teeluckdharry, N. B., Teeroovengadum, V., & Seebaluck, A. K. (2021) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781788976954.00007 · Cited by 9
Broaden the Pathway to Inclusive Entrepreneurship: A Transaction Cost Proposition
Du, J., Lu, J., & Jiang, Y. (2021) · Entrepreneurship Research Journal · doi:10.1515/erj-2020-0077 · Cited by 7
Al-Agha, B. M., & Salem, M. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08954-1_14 · Cited by 7
Argan, M. T., Argan, M., & Dursun, M. T. (2022) · Present Environment and Sustainable Development · doi:10.47743/pesd2022161008 · Cited by 7
Brooks, L., Shaheen, I., & Dobrzykowski, D. D. (2023) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1111/poms.14081 · Cited by 7
Zhu, J., & Jin, Y. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288047 · Cited by 7
Ahuja, P., & Singh, N. (2023) · International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare · doi:10.1108/ijhrh-08-2023-0068 · Cited by 7
Junaid, M. R., Goudarzi, K., Rasheed, M. F., & N’Goala, G. (2024) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-07-2023-0270 · Cited by 8
Barry, J. M., Graça, S. S., Maskara, P. K., & Benjamin, R. W. (2024) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-06-2023-0322 · Cited by 7
Kum, M. E., Kortmann, S., Perols, J. L., & Zimmermann, C. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2024.3407100 · Cited by 9
How Retailers Change Ordering Strategies When Suppliers Go Direct
Crombrugge, M. V., Breugelmans, E., Gryseels, F., et al. (2024) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/00222429241266576 · Cited by 7
MV ‐ QUAL : A tool for understanding decisions to purchase virtual products in the metaverse
Cadet, F. T., Gironda, J. T., O’Leary, B., & Petrescu, M. (2024) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2380 · Cited by 7
The OPAD-perception framework: measuring perceptions of online personalized advertising
Guo, L., Wilkinson, D., Namara, M., Patil, K., & Knijnenburg, B. P. (2024) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-01-2023-0078 · Cited by 7
Diversity, equity, inclusion, and brand outcomes: a case of higher education
Nguyen, T., Yaghi, M., Ganesh, G. K., Blankson, C., Paswan, A. K., & Pavur, R. (2024) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-05-2023-4545 · Cited by 10
Development of the ethical behavior scale in nursing
Şahin, Ş., & Alpar, Ş. E. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02529-0 · Cited by 8
Quansah, E., Solansky, S. T., Wang, Y., & Moghaddam, K. (2024) · The Learning Organization · doi:10.1108/tlo-10-2023-0179 · Cited by 7
Joshi, A. W. (2024) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.115131 · Cited by 9
Mishra, S., Singh, A., & Srivastava, S. (2024) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-06-2024-0601 · Cited by 9
Fona, C., Melewar, T. C., Dennis, C., & Dinnie, K. (2025) · Journal of Brand Management · doi:10.1057/s41262-024-00373-w · Cited by 7
Rudawska, E. D., & Nickell, D. (2024) · Equilibrium Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy · doi:10.24136/eq.3371 · Cited by 7
Authentic Brand Ethicality: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Validation in the Fashion Industry
Zeugner‐Roth, K. P., Fischer, P. M., & Hessel, I. M. (2025) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-024-05873-y · Cited by 8
Organizational compassion: a conceptual extension and scale development
Akgün, A. E., Keski̇n, H., & Basaran, H. T. E. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07442-6 · Cited by 12
Unpacking global digital competence in the contemporary international venture
Cahen, F. R., Borini, F. M., Dhanaraj, C., & MORAIS, R. R. D. (2025) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2025.102414 · Cited by 8
Fan, X., Yao, L., Shi, B., Wang, J., Wu, G., & Shen, W. (2025) · Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change · doi:10.1080/14766825.2025.2465346 · Cited by 7
Singh, A., Ishrat, A., Barthwal, T., Rani, A., & Mishra, M. (2025) · On the Horizon The International Journal of Learning Futures · doi:10.1108/oth-11-2024-0075 · Cited by 7
Forés, B., Yáñez, J. M. F., & Puig‐Denia, A. (2025) · Business Ethics the Environment & Responsibility · doi:10.1111/beer.12795 · Cited by 7
Li, Y., Ismail, M. A., Aminuddin, A. M. R., Wang, R., Jiang, K., & Yu, H. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17062721 · Cited by 7
Scaringella, L., & Scaringella, M. (2025) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-07-2024-0840 · Cited by 9
From static to smart: AI-generated dynamic scales for contextual marketing measurement
Kuppelwieser, V. G., & Rosenbaum, M. S. (2025) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-03-2025-0155 · Cited by 7
Customer Data Privacy Stewardship
Moffett, J. W., Chisam, N., Martin, K. D., & Palmatier, R. (2025) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/00222429251367342 · Cited by 6
Abbas, J. (2025) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.103067 · Cited by 9
Chaubey, A. (2025) · Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management · doi:10.1007/s40171-025-00467-7 · Cited by 7
Hrubý, V. (2025) · Journal of East European Management Studies · doi:10.31083/jeems45710 · Cited by 8
Quality of human-GenAI collaboration and its driving factors: A symbiotic agency perspective
Shang, J., Huang, D., & Huang, S. (. (2025) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2025.104373 · Cited by 9
Giri, A., Chakrabarty, D., Lim, W. M., Mangla, S. K., & Hollebeek, L. D. (2025) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2025.101442 · Cited by 13
Kukreti, R., & Yadav, M. (2026) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2026.104725 · Cited by 10
AI Epistemic Disengagement and Consumer Dependence: An Augmentation‐Substitution Framework
Theoharakis, V., & Mylonopoulos, N. A. (2026) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.70136 · Cited by 8
Taking Account of Time in Marketing Construct Validation: Theoretical and Methodological Problems
Frisou, J., & Yildiz, H. (2011) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/205157071102600202 · Cited by 7
Sumaedi, S., Gede, I., & Yuda, M. (2011) · Cited by 7
Padmasiri, M. K. D., Kailasapathy, P., & Jayawardana, A. K. L. (2019) · South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management · doi:10.1177/2322093719830807 · Cited by 7
More value for more satisfaction? The moderating role of the consumer’s accumulation of experience
Maubisson, L., & Rivière, A. (2020) · Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) · doi:10.1177/2051570720975589 · Cited by 7
Willingness to cooperate in the context of post-communist economy – Why do local rules matter?
Sokoli, O., Xhoxhi, O., Skreli, E., et al. (2021) · World Development Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100314 · Cited by 7
Developing and Validating a Venue Stimuli-Local Image Fit Scale
Hwang, Y., & Ballouli, K. (2021) · Sport Marketing Quarterly · doi:10.32731/smq.304.1221.04 · Cited by 7
The Effectiveness of Humor in Advertising: A Cross-cultural Study in Germany and Russia
Müller, S. C., Hoffmann, S., Schwartz, U., & Gelbrich, K. (2011) · Journal of Euromarketing · doi:10.9768/0020.12.01 · Cited by 7
Constructing a value co-destruction behavior scale in business-to-customer service context
Guan, X., Gong, J., Liu, Q., et al. (2022) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2022.2128779 · Cited by 7
ACCOUNTQUAL: a scale for measuring accounting service quality
Azzari, V., Mainardes, E. W., & Beiruth, A. X. (2023) · Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change · doi:10.1108/jaoc-07-2022-0112 · Cited by 7
Voss, K. E. (2023) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-02-2022-0137 · Cited by 9
Measuring individual differences in active smelling to evaluate products – The ENFAS-Instrument
Koller, M., Salzberger, T., Floh, A., Zauner, A., Sääksjärvi, M., & Schifferstein, H. N. J. (2023) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.104925 · Cited by 7
Negotiating Backpacking Constraints
Gupta, A., & Kour, A. (2023) · Tourism · doi:10.37741/t.71.3.9 · Cited by 7
Cognitive rationalization in occupational fraud: structure exploration and scale development
Yang, M., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1112127 · Cited by 7
The Impact of Green Leadership Behaviors on Sustainable Performance Development
Khalil, G. G. A., & Abdallah, H. (2023) · Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality · doi:10.21608/jaauth.2023.200761.1436 · Cited by 9
Trespeuch, L., & Robinot, É. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151612274 · Cited by 7
Measuring winery tourism experience: a holistic scale development study
Zhang, Y., Lee, H. M., & Ji, K. M. (2023) · Ciência e técnica vitivinícola/Ciência e técnica vitivinícola · doi:10.1051/ctv/ctv20233802095 · Cited by 7
Choi, S., Kazakova, A., Choi, K., et al. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151813352 · Cited by 7
Impact of augmented reality on operational performance: the mediating role of process innovativeness
Türkcan, H., İMAMOĞLU, S. Z., & İnce, H. (2023) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/jmtm-05-2023-0171 · Cited by 7
Liu, Y.-H., Wolff, K. T., & Lo, T.-Y. (2023) · Methodological Innovations · doi:10.1177/20597991231183962 · Cited by 8
Taylor, S., & Thion, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1253622 · Cited by 12
Wang, X., Lee, H., Park, K. C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management · doi:10.1108/jmtm-03-2023-0098 · Cited by 7
Arachchi, H. A. D. M., & Samarasinghe, G. (2023) · SLAAI International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (SLAAI-ICAI) · doi:10.1109/slaai-icai59257.2023.10365014 · Cited by 7
Lin, Y., Huang, W., Chen, K.-S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.11.009 · Cited by 7
How marketers influence product platform decisions: A configurational approach
Nijssen, E. J., & van Bommel, T. (2024) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12723 · Cited by 7
The retail environment design (RED) scale: conceptualization and measurement
Steen, J., Rutherford, B. N., Babin, B. J., & Hair, J. F. (2024) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-06-2022-0451 · Cited by 8
Choosing the right fit: A practical guide to selecting measurement models for tourism constructs
Mikulić, J. (2024) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2024.104917 · Cited by 7
Online Learning and Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Higher Education in Qatar
AlQashouti, N., Yaqot, M., & Menezes, B. C. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16062265 · Cited by 11
Fiuza, T. F., Zucco, F. D., Limberger, P. F., et al. (2024) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2024.2319561 · Cited by 7
Mota, R. D. O., Filho, M. G., Ganga, G. M. D., et al. (2024) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12688 · Cited by 7
Kovilage, M. P., Yapa, S. T. W. S., & Hewagamage, C. (2024) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-03-2023-0117 · Cited by 7
Srivastava, A., Vyas, V., & Gurtu, A. (2024) · Global Business Review · doi:10.1177/09721509241240522 · Cited by 7
Mahajan, H., Kour, A., & Arora, N. (2024) · Tourism Review · doi:10.1108/tr-09-2023-0627 · Cited by 7
Liu, Z., Cheng, H., Guan, H., Yang, X., & Chen, Z. H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303554 · Cited by 7
Wijekoon, S., O’Cass, A., & Vesal, M. (2024) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-07-2022-0568 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Churchill, G. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Churchill, Gilbert A.
- Venue
- Journal of Marketing Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1979-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 64-73
- ISSN
- 0022-2437 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-7193
- OpenAlex
- W1991623719
- Semantic Scholar
- d636f05c5febe7b9f879d444d16e14d599401eeb
- Cited by
- 16,549
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 538 · 2025: 581 · 2024: 628 · 2023: 668 · 2022: 737 · 2021: 755 · 2020: 702 · 2019: 774 · 2018: 716 · 2017: 706 · 2016: 743 · 2015: 783 · 2014: 809 · 2013: 806 · 2012: 759
- FWCI
- 10.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Marketing Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Marketing and Advertising Strategies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Keywords
- measurement, construct measurement, marketing theory, marketing practice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review