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FELASA recommendations for the health monitoring of mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig and rabbit colonies in breeding and experimental units
Open accessAbstract
The microbiological quality of experimental animals can critically influence animal welfare and the validity and reproducibility of research data. It is therefore important for breeding and experimental facilities to establish a laboratory animal health monitoring (HM) programme as an integrated part of any quality assurance system. FELASA has published recommendations for the HM of rodent and rabbit colonies in breeding and experimental units (Nicklas et al. Laboratory Animals, 2002), with the intention of harmonizing HM programmes. As stated in the preamble, these recommendations need to be adapted periodically to meet current developments in laboratory animal medicine. Accordingly, previous recommendations have been revised and shall be replaced by the present recommendations. These recommendations are aimed at all breeders and users of laboratory mice, rats, Syrian hamsters, guinea pigs and rabbits as well as diagnostic laboratories. They describe essential aspects of HM, such as the choice of agents, selection of animals and tissues for testing, frequency of sampling, commonly used test methods, interpretation of results and HM reporting. Compared with previous recommendations, more emphasis is put on the role of a person with sufficient understanding of the principles of HM, opportunistic agents, the use of sentinel animals (particularly under conditions of cage-level containment) and the interpretation and reporting of HM results. Relevant agents, testing frequencies and literature references are updated. Supplementary information on specific agents and the number of animals to be monitored and an example of a HM programme description is provided in the appendices.
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“The animals’ provenance, their health or immune status, and their history of previous testing or procedures can influence their physiology and behaviour, as well as their response to treatments, and thus impact on study outcomes.”
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“The immune or microbiological status of the animals can also influence welfare, experimental variability, and scientific outcomes [112–114].”
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Laukoter, S., Pauler, F. M., Beattie, R., Amberg, N., Hansen, A. H., Streicher, C., Penz, T., Bock, C., & Hippenmeyer, S. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.031 · Cited by 36
Human CD34 + Hematopoietic Stem Cell–Engrafted NSG Mice: Morphological and Immunophenotypic Features
Blümich, S., Zdimerova, H., Münz, C., Kipar, A., & Pellegrini, G. (2020) · Veterinary Pathology · doi:10.1177/0300985820948822 · Cited by 39
Rasmussen, T. S., Mentzel, C. M. J., Danielsen, M. R., Jakobsen, R. R., Zachariassen, L. F., Castro-Mejía, J. L., Brunse, A., Hansen, L. H., Hansen, C. H. F., Hansen, A. K., et al. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2208504 · Cited by 38
The Mammalian Microbiome and Its Importance in Laboratory Animal Research
Bleich, A., & Fox, J. G. (2015) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar/ilv031 · Cited by 39
Fleischmann, T., Jirkof, P., Henke, J., et al. (2016) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/0023677216631458 · Cited by 37
Mooser, C., de Agüero, M. G., & Ganal-Vonarburg, S. C. (2018) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2018.07.007 · Cited by 37
Zheng, X., Oduro, J. D., Boehme, J. D., Borkner, L., Ebensen, T., Heise, U., Gereke, M., Pils, M. C., Krmpotić, A., Guzmán, C. A., et al. (2019) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008036 · Cited by 39
Pernold, K., Rullman, E., & Ulfhake, B. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84141-9 · Cited by 38
Seoul Virus Infection in Humans, France, 2014–2016
Reynes, J., Carli, D., Bour, J., et al. (2017) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2306.160927 · Cited by 36
Benga, L., Benten, W. P. M., Engelhardt, E., et al. (2014) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/0023677214538240 · Cited by 35
“Materials and methods Bacterial isolates and conventional identification methods The bacterial strains included in this study (Table 1) were isolated during the routine microbiological monitoring program of the mouse and rat colonies from the Animal Research Facility of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, which is b…”
MethodHornigold, K., Chu, J. Y., Chetwynd, S. A., Machin, P. A., Crossland, L., Pantarelli, C., Anderson, K. E., Hawkins, P. T., Segonds-Pichon, A., Oxley, D., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.888415 · Cited by 36
Time to Integrate to Nest Test Evaluation in a Mouse DSS-Colitis Model
Häger, C., Keubler, L. M., Biernot, S., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143824 · Cited by 34
“Routine microbiologic monitoring according to recommendations of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations did not reveal any evidence of infection with common murine pathogens [18, 19].”
MethodBruin, W. C. C. D., van de Ven, E. M. E., & Hooijmans, C. R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158410 · Cited by 36
Wall, J., Naganathar, S., Praditsuktavorn, B., Bugg, O. F., McArthur, S., Thiemermann, C., Tremoleda, J. L., & Brohi, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02774 · Cited by 34
RetractedLee, J. L., Fra-Bidó, S., Burton, A. R., Innocentin, S., Hill, D. L., & Linterman, M. A. (2022) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13692 · Cited by 34
Colitis-associated intestinal microbiota regulates brain glycine and host behavior in mice
Morozova, M. V., Borisova, M. A., Snytnikova, O. A., Achasova, K. M., Litvinova, E. A., Tsentalovich, Y. P., & Kozhevnikova, E. N. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19219-z · Cited by 36
“All animals had SPF status, which was tested quarterly according to Federation of European laboratory animal science association’s (FELASA) recommendations (Mähler et al., 2014).”
MethodBuijs, J. T., Laghmani, E. H., van den Akker, R. F. P., Tieken, C., Vletter, E. M., van der Molen, K., Crooijmans, J. J., Kroone, C., Dévédec, S. E. L., van der Pluijm, G., et al. (2019) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/jth.14443 · Cited by 32
Severity assessment in mice subjected to carbon tetrachloride
Ernst, L., Zieglowski, L., Schulz, M., Moss, M., Meyer, M., Weiskirchen, R., Palme, R., Hamann, M., Talbot, S. R., & Tolba, R. H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72801-1 · Cited by 32
Ageing promotes early T follicular helper cell differentiation by modulating expression of RBPJ
Webb, L. M. C., Fra-Bidó, S., Innocentin, S., Matheson, L. S., Attaf, N., Bignon, A., Novarino, J., Fazilleau, N., & Linterman, M. A. (2021) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13295 · Cited by 34
“No primary pathogens or additional agents listed in the FELASA recommendations (Mahler et al., 2014) were detected during health monitoring surveys of the stock holding rooms.”
BackgroundPanova, E. A., Kleymenov, D. A., Shcheblyakov, D. V., Bykonia, E. N., Mazunina, E. P., Dzharullaeva, A. S., Zolotar, A. N., Derkaev, A. A., Esmagambetov, I. B., Sorokin, I. I., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1098302 · Cited by 35
T-cell stimulating vaccines empower CD3 bispecific antibody therapy in solid tumors
Middelburg, J., Sluijter, M., Schaap, G., Göynük, B., Lloyd, K. A., Ovcinnikovs, V., Zom, G. G., Marijnissen, R. J., Groeneveldt, C., Griffioen, L., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44308-6 · Cited by 32
“The health status of the animals was monitored over time and all animals were tested negative for agents listed in the FELASA (Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations) guidelines for speci fi c-pathogen free mouse colonies 55 .”
Participation of the spleen in the IgA immune response in the gut
Weiberg, D., Basic, M., Smoczek, M., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205247 · Cited by 32
Laigaard, A., Krych, Ł., Zachariassen, L. F., Ellegaard‐Jensen, L., Nielsen, D. S., Hansen, A. K., & Hansen, C. H. F. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78404-0 · Cited by 32
Zambanini, G., Nordin, A., Jonasson, M. E., Pagella, P., & Cantù, C. (2022) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.201124 · Cited by 28
“The mice were free of all viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens listed in FELASA recommendations (Mähler et al., 2014).”
BackgroundWheel running behaviour in group-housed female mice indicates disturbed wellbeing due to DSS colitis
Weegh, N., Füner, J., Janke, O., Winter, Y., Jung, C., Struve, B., Wassermann, L., Lewejohann, L., Bleich, A., & Häger, C. (2019) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/0023677219879455 · Cited by 31
“Routine health surveillance and microbiologic monitoring according to the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Associations recommendations did not reveal any evidence of infection with common murine pathogens.(13) Mice were maintained in a room with controlled environment (21–23 C; relative humidity 55 5%; 14/10…”
PCR and RT-PCR in the Diagnosis of Laboratory Animal Infections and in Health Monitoring
Compton, S. R. (2020) · Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science · doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000008 · Cited by 31
Reliability of the Mouse Grimace Scale in C57BL/6JRj Mice
Hohlbaum, K., Corte, G. M., Humpenöder, M., et al. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10091648 · Cited by 31
Lidocaine and bupivacaine as part of multimodal pain management in a C57BL/6J laparotomy mouse model
Durst, M. S., Arras, M., Palme, R., Talbot, S. R., & Jirkof, P. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90331-2 · Cited by 32
AALAS/FELASA Working Group on Health Monitoring of rodents for animal transfer.
Pritchett‐Corning, K. R., Prins, J., Feinstein, R. E., et al. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 31
Self-citationRiedl, R., Kühn, A., Hupfer, Y., Hebecker, B., Peltner, L. K., Jordan, P. M., Werz, O., Stefan Lorkowski, A., Wiegand, C., & Wallert, M. (2023) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-023-01943-x · Cited by 30
Miller, M., Zorn, J., & Brielmeier, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142560 · Cited by 29
“pneumotropica is currently recommended [5].”
Neunkirchner, A., Kratzer, B., Köhler, C., Smole, U., Mager, L. F., Schmetterer, K. G., Trapin, D., Reichl, V., Rosloniec, E. F., Naumann, R., et al. (2018) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.04.001 · Cited by 29
“Sentinel mice were screened for and found to be free ofmouse pathogenic viruses, bacteria and parasites according to FELASA 2014 recommendations (Mahler Convenor et al., 2014).”
MethodStahl, F. R., Jung, R., Jazbutyte, V., Ostermann, E., Tödter, S., Brixel, R., Kemmer, A., Halle, S., Rose‐John, S., Messerle, M., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33167-7 · Cited by 29
Lifetime Dependent Variation of Stress Hormone Metabolites in Feces of Two Laboratory Mouse Strains
Kolbe, T., Palme, R., Tichy, A., & Rülicke, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136112 · Cited by 29
“SPF quality of the animals was confirmed by a sentinel program according to FELASA recommendations [25].”
MethodHauser, M., Siegrist, M., Keller, I., & Hofstetter, W. (2018) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2018.04.017 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- FELASA working group on revision of guidelines for health monitoring of rodents and rabbits, Mähler (Convenor), M., Berard, M., Feinstein, R., Gallagher, A., Illgen-Wilcke, B., Pritchett-Corning, K., & Raspa, M.
- Affiliations
- GV-SOLAS, Gesellschaft für Versuchstierkunde
- Swedish Veterinary Agency (SE)
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- University of Washington (US)
- AALAS, American Association for Laboratory Animal Science
- National Research Council (IT)
- Venue
- Laboratory Animals
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-02-04
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 178-192
- ISSN
- 0023-6772 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-1117
- OpenAlex
- W2153218957
- Semantic Scholar
- 3f0f57dfc81bdbf0b4adc599d3696d57bd2535a2
- Cited by
- 646
- References
- 382
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 51.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2014-09-02)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Laboratory Animals (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- laboratory animal health monitoring, sentinel animals, opportunistic pathogens, laboratory mice, laboratory rats, golden hamster, guinea pig, rabbits, laboratory animal medicine
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