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FELASA recommendations for the health monitoring of mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig and rabbit colonies in breeding and experimental units
Open accessAbstract
The microbiological quality of experimental animals can critically influence animal welfare and the validity and reproducibility of research data. It is therefore important for breeding and experimental facilities to establish a laboratory animal health monitoring (HM) programme as an integrated part of any quality assurance system. FELASA has published recommendations for the HM of rodent and rabbit colonies in breeding and experimental units (Nicklas et al. Laboratory Animals, 2002), with the intention of harmonizing HM programmes. As stated in the preamble, these recommendations need to be adapted periodically to meet current developments in laboratory animal medicine. Accordingly, previous recommendations have been revised and shall be replaced by the present recommendations. These recommendations are aimed at all breeders and users of laboratory mice, rats, Syrian hamsters, guinea pigs and rabbits as well as diagnostic laboratories. They describe essential aspects of HM, such as the choice of agents, selection of animals and tissues for testing, frequency of sampling, commonly used test methods, interpretation of results and HM reporting. Compared with previous recommendations, more emphasis is put on the role of a person with sufficient understanding of the principles of HM, opportunistic agents, the use of sentinel animals (particularly under conditions of cage-level containment) and the interpretation and reporting of HM results. Relevant agents, testing frequencies and literature references are updated. Supplementary information on specific agents and the number of animals to be monitored and an example of a HM programme description is provided in the appendices.
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“The animals’ provenance, their health or immune status, and their history of previous testing or procedures can influence their physiology and behaviour, as well as their response to treatments, and thus impact on study outcomes.”
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“The immune or microbiological status of the animals can also influence welfare, experimental variability, and scientific outcomes [112–114].”
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Exposure to soiled bedding reduces abnormal repetitive behaviors in mice
Müller, K., Lengheimer, T., Kral-Pointner, J., Wojta, J., Yeghiazaryan, L., Krall, C., Palme, R., Kleindorfer, S., Plasenzotti, R., Pollak, D. D., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1062864 · Cited by 8
“The experimental design of the study was therefore planned in accordance with the FELASA recommendations for sentinel hygiene monitoring programs (Maehler et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialValidation of Multiplex PCR and Serology Detecting Helicobacter Species in Mice
Butt, J., Schmitz, M., Berkus, B., et al. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11020249 · Cited by 8
Stensballe, A., Bennike, T. B., Ravn‐Haren, G., Mortensen, A., Aboo, C., Knudsen, L. A., Rühlemann, M. C., Birkelund, S., Bang, C., Franke, A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1200317 · Cited by 8
“Skensved, Denmark) were included in the present study (30).”
BackgroundLaFollette, M. R., Clement, C. S., Luchins, K. R., Manuel, C. A., Foley, P. L., Hanson, W. H., Pettan-Brewer, C., Winn, C. B., & Garner, J. P. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311840 · Cited by 8
Effects of Embryo Transfer on Emotional Behaviors in C57BL/6 Mice.
Lerch, S., Tolksdorf, G., Schütz, P., Brandwein, C., Dormann, C., Gass, P., & Chourbaji, S. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 8
Horvath, L., Bächinger, D., Honegger, T., et al. (2019) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2019.7687 · Cited by 8
Severe pneumonia in a street rat (Rattus norvegicus) caused by Rodentibacter rarus strain RMC2
Medkour, H., Laidoudi, Y., Dahmana, H., et al. (2021) · Open Veterinary Journal · doi:10.5455/ovj.v11.i1.24 · Cited by 8
Hamster Polyomavirus Research: Past, Present, and Future
Jandrig, B., Krause, H., Zimmermann, W., et al. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13050907 · Cited by 8
“Screening for polyomaviruses in laboratory hamsters is not officially required by the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations [21] and not rigorously demanded by local supervisory authorities.”
BackgroundSreelatha, H. V., Palekkodan, H., Fasaludeen, A., et al. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07500 · Cited by 8
The Bank Vole (Clethrionomys glareolus)—Small Animal Model for Hepacivirus Infection
Röhrs, S., Begeman, L., Straub, B. K., et al. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13122421 · Cited by 8
Bondarenko, V., Løkke, C. R., Dobrowolski, P., Mentzel, C. M. J., Castro-Mejía, J. L., Hansen, C. H. F., Sørensen, D. B., Nielsen, D. S., Krych, Ł., & Hansen, A. K. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17242-8 · Cited by 9
Pimpão, A. B., Sousa, C., Correia, M. J., et al. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32371-3_4 · Cited by 8
Simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens by multiplex PCR coupled with DNA biochip hybridization
Tung, H.-Y., Chen, W.-C., Ou, B., et al. (2017) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/0023677217718864 · Cited by 8
“It is very important to establish a quarantine program for animal health monitoring in an animal vivarium to ensure the quality of laboratory animals.(2) In most quarantine programs, serological methods are used for screening pathogens that include viruses, bacteria and other organisms.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialClinical, Physiologic, and Behavioral Evaluation of Permanently Catheterized NMRI Mice
Falkenberg, M. K., Teilmann, A. C., Henriksen, T., Hau, J., Poulsen, H. E., & Abelson, K. (2019) · Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science · doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000060 · Cited by 9
Ernst, L., Bruch, S., Kopaczka, M., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14852-0 · Cited by 8
Animal Models of Human Pathology: Revision, Relevance and Refinements
Perše, M. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12112418 · Cited by 11
Lockbox enrichment facilitates manipulative and cognitive activities for mice
Hohlbaum, K., Andresen, N., Mieske, P., Kahnau, P., Lang, B., Diederich, K., Palme, R., Mundhenk, L., Sprekeler, H., Hellwich, O., et al. (2024) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.17624.2 · Cited by 8
Maschek, S., Østergaard, T. H., Krych, Ł., Zachariassen, L. F., Sørensen, D. B., Mentzel, C. M. J., Hansen, A. K., Sjögren, J. M., & Barfod, K. K. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01276-0 · Cited by 12
Neves, M. M., Guerra, R. F., de Lima, I. L., Arrais, T. S., Guevara-Vega, M. F., Ferreira, F. B., Rosa, R. B., da Costa, M. S., Fonseca, B. B., Silva, R. S., et al. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12040833 · Cited by 8
“Western blots are not suitable for routine screening due to the high cost, but they are highly specific and sensitive, so they are occasionally used for confirmation [64].”
BackgroundInfluentialBroadly Reactive Nanobody Targeting the H3 Hemagglutinin of the Influenza A Virus
Shcheblyakov, D. V., Voronina, D. V., Favorskaya, I. A., Esmagambetov, I. B., Alekseeva, I. A., Korobkova, A. I., Ryabova, E. I., Derkaev, A. A., Kan, V. Y., Dzharullaeva, A. S., et al. (2024) · Acta Naturae · doi:10.32607/actanaturae.27374 · Cited by 7
Zhao, X., He, W., Jakobsen, L. M. A., Panah, F. M., Correia, B. S. B., Nielsen, D. S., Hansen, A. K., & Bertram, H. C. (2024) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d4fo01635a · Cited by 7
Fingas, F., Volke, D., Bielefeldt, P., et al. (2018) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-018-1021-8 · Cited by 7
Ethanol and a chemical from fox faeces modulate exploratory behaviour in laboratory mice
Grau, C., Leclercq, J., Descout, E., et al. (2019) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2019.02.003 · Cited by 7
Importing genetically altered animals: ensuring quality
Birling, M., Fray, M., Kašpárek, P., Kopkanova, J., Massimi, M., Matteoni, R., Montoliu, L., Nutter, L. M. J., Raspa, M., Rozman, J., et al. (2021) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-021-09908-x · Cited by 7
Self-citationKim, H., Jeon, C.-M., Jang, Y.-C., et al. (2022) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/00236772221123184 · Cited by 7
Tauber, P. A., Kratzer, B., Schatzlmaier, P., Smole, U., Köhler, C., Rausch, L., Kranich, J., Trapin, D., Neunkirchner, A., Zabel, M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1094694 · Cited by 7
“Mice were free of mouse pathogenic viruses, bacteria and parasites (42).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- FELASA working group on revision of guidelines for health monitoring of rodents and rabbits, Mähler (Convenor), M., Berard, M., Feinstein, R., Gallagher, A., Illgen-Wilcke, B., Pritchett-Corning, K., & Raspa, M.
- Affiliations
- GV-SOLAS, Gesellschaft für Versuchstierkunde
- Swedish Veterinary Agency (SE)
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- University of Washington (US)
- AALAS, American Association for Laboratory Animal Science
- National Research Council (IT)
- Venue
- Laboratory Animals
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-02-04
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 178-192
- ISSN
- 0023-6772 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-1117
- OpenAlex
- W2153218957
- Semantic Scholar
- 3f0f57dfc81bdbf0b4adc599d3696d57bd2535a2
- Cited by
- 646
- References
- 382
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 51.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2014-09-02)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Laboratory Animals (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- laboratory animal health monitoring, sentinel animals, opportunistic pathogens, laboratory mice, laboratory rats, golden hamster, guinea pig, rabbits, laboratory animal medicine
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