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FELASA recommendations for the health monitoring of mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig and rabbit colonies in breeding and experimental units
Open accessAbstract
The microbiological quality of experimental animals can critically influence animal welfare and the validity and reproducibility of research data. It is therefore important for breeding and experimental facilities to establish a laboratory animal health monitoring (HM) programme as an integrated part of any quality assurance system. FELASA has published recommendations for the HM of rodent and rabbit colonies in breeding and experimental units (Nicklas et al. Laboratory Animals, 2002), with the intention of harmonizing HM programmes. As stated in the preamble, these recommendations need to be adapted periodically to meet current developments in laboratory animal medicine. Accordingly, previous recommendations have been revised and shall be replaced by the present recommendations. These recommendations are aimed at all breeders and users of laboratory mice, rats, Syrian hamsters, guinea pigs and rabbits as well as diagnostic laboratories. They describe essential aspects of HM, such as the choice of agents, selection of animals and tissues for testing, frequency of sampling, commonly used test methods, interpretation of results and HM reporting. Compared with previous recommendations, more emphasis is put on the role of a person with sufficient understanding of the principles of HM, opportunistic agents, the use of sentinel animals (particularly under conditions of cage-level containment) and the interpretation and reporting of HM results. Relevant agents, testing frequencies and literature references are updated. Supplementary information on specific agents and the number of animals to be monitored and an example of a HM programme description is provided in the appendices.
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“The animals’ provenance, their health or immune status, and their history of previous testing or procedures can influence their physiology and behaviour, as well as their response to treatments, and thus impact on study outcomes.”
From Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0 (2020) · cites this paper as [112]
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“The immune or microbiological status of the animals can also influence welfare, experimental variability, and scientific outcomes [112–114].”
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Sreelatha, H. V., Krishnan, L. K., & Abelson, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219001 · Cited by 16
Recent Advances in Practical Methods for Liver Cell Biology: A Short Overview
Torres, S., Abdullah, Z., Brol, M. J., Hellerbrand, C., Fernández, M., Fiorotto, R., Klein, S., Königshofer, P., Liedtke, C., Lotersztajn, S., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21062027 · Cited by 17
Analysis of Pain and Analgesia Protocols in Acute Cerulein-Induced Pancreatitis in Male C57BL/6 Mice
Durst, M. S., Graf, T. R., Graf, R., Kron, M., Arras, M., Zechner, D., Palme, R., Talbot, S. R., & Jirkof, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.744638 · Cited by 16
“The mice were free of all viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens listed in FELASA recommendations (Mahler Convenor et al., 2014).”
BackgroundUlfhake, B., Lerat, H., Honetschlager, J., Pernold, K., Rynekrová, M., Escot, K., Recordati, C., Kuiper, R., Rosati, G., Rigamonti, M., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267281 · Cited by 16
“…those with extended cage-change period report different health outcomes, data on the spontaneous in-cage pattern at all four institutes was defined as to exclude all the recommended infectious agents to monitor for laboratory mice listed by the FELASA recommendations for health monitoring [5, 6].”
Winn, C. B., Rogers, R. N., Keenan, R. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science · doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-22-000013 · Cited by 16
Resch, M., Neels, T., Tichy, A., Palme, R., & Rülicke, T. (2018) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/0023677218786982 · Cited by 16
Sow, H. S., Benonisson, H., Breukel, C., Visser, R., Verhagen, O. J. H. M., Bentlage, A. E. H., Brouwers, C. M., Claassens, J. W. C., Linssen, M. M. L., Camps, M. G. M., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.31899 · Cited by 16
Gkrouzoudi, A., Tsingotjidou, A., & Jirkof, P. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113645 · Cited by 15
The Genetic Background Is Shaping Cecal Enlargement in the Absence of Intestinal Microbiota
Bolsega, S., Smoczek, A., Meng, C., Kleigrewe, K., Scheele, T., Meller, S., Glage, S., Volk, H. A., Bleich, A., & Basic, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15030636 · Cited by 15
SorCS2 binds progranulin to regulate motor neuron development
Thomasen, P. B., Salašová, A., Kjær-Sørensen, K., Woloszczuková, L., Lavický, J., Login, H., Tranberg-Jensen, J., Almeida, S. A. D. O., Beel, S., Kavková, M., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113333 · Cited by 18
Sun, G., Kropp, K. A., Kirchner, M., et al. (2024) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03308-23 · Cited by 15
ter Horst, E. N., Krijnen, P. A. J., Flecknell, P. A., et al. (2017) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/0023677217724485 · Cited by 15
Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of CXCL7 leads to posterior longitudinal ligament ossification
Tsuru, M., Ono, A., Umeyama, H., Takeuchi, M., & Nagata, K. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196204 · Cited by 15
Coronary micro-computed tomography angiography in mice
Sawall, S., Beckendorf, J., Amato, C., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73735-4 · Cited by 15
Dietary Fucose Affects Macrophage Polarization and Reproductive Performance in Mice
Litvinova, E. A., Bets, V. D., Feofanova, N. A., Gvozdeva, O. V., Achasova, K. M., Лазаревна, А. Е., & Kozhevnikova, E. N. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030855 · Cited by 14
Pagella, P., Nombela‐Arrieta, C., & Mitsiadis, T. A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22063024 · Cited by 15
“The mice were free of all viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens listed in FELASA recommendations [82].”
Costa, C. J. S., Wadt, D., Conti, L. C., Landi, M. F. D. A., Cintra, L., Oliveira, F. A., & Mori, C. M. C. (2023) · Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science · doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000007 · Cited by 14
Inter-vendor variance of enteric eukaryotic DNA viruses in specific pathogen free C57BL/6N mice
Rasmussen, T. S., Jakobsen, R. R., Castro-Mejía, J. L., Kot, W., Thomsen, A. R., Vogensen, F. K., Nielsen, D. S., & Hansen, A. K. (2021) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.022 · Cited by 15
Correia, M. J., Pimpão, A. B., Lopes‐Coelho, F., Sequeira, C. O., Coelho, N. R., Dias, C. G., Barouki, R., Coumoul, X., Serpa, J., Morelló, J., et al. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10091484 · Cited by 14
“The animals were specific-pathogen-free, according to FELASA recommendations [33].”
MethodGertz, K. R., Kronenberg, G., Uhlemann, R., Prinz, V., Barrientos, R. M., Corada, M., Dejana, E., & Endres, M. (2016) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0670-8 · Cited by 14
Schmidt, K., Butt, J., Mauter, P., Vogel, K. A., Erles-Kemna, A., Pawlita, M., & Nicklas, W. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187174 · Cited by 14
Oral LPS Dosing Induces Local Immunological Changes in the Pancreatic Lymph Nodes in Mice
Kihl, P., Krych, Ł., Deng, L., Kildemoes, A. O., Laigaard, A., Hansen, L. H., Hansen, C. H. F., Buschard, K., Nielsen, D. S., & Hansen, A. K. (2019) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2019/1649279 · Cited by 14
Houvast, R. D., Baart, V. M., Bhairosingh, S. S., et al. (2020) · Molecular Imaging and Biology · doi:10.1007/s11307-020-01522-8 · Cited by 14
Ethical Principles and Rules in Experimental Animal Studies: A Comprehensive Review
Kalkan, K. K., & Kekeçoğlu, M. (2024) · Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.18678/dtfd.1497730 · Cited by 13
Han, R., Tian, J., Han, Y., Wang, G., Zhou, G., Dai, C., & Wang, C. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30132812 · Cited by 13
“However, this change remains within the reported physiological range for BALB/c mice (approximately 0.3–2.5 mmol/L) [22,23].”
InfluentialNorton, W. B., Scavizzi, F., Smith, C. N., et al. (2015) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/0023677215616530 · Cited by 13
“Experimental and sentinel mice were maintained free of excluded pathogens according to the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) recommendations.(25)”
MethodSelf-citationBasic, M., Peppermüller, P. P., Bolsega, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.549473 · Cited by 13
“Animals were monitored according to FELASA recommendations (20) and were proven to be free of infection with common murine pathogens except Pasteurella pneumotropica, Helicobacter hepaticus respectively bilis, b-haemolytic streptococci, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus, murine norovirus, Trichomonas spp.”
MethodBuchheister, S., Roegener, F., Zschemisch, N., et al. (2019) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/0023677219853600 · Cited by 13
Good Research Practice: Lessons from Animal Care and Use
Guillén, J., & Steckler, T. (2019) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2019_292 · Cited by 14
“…animals are regularly screened for the presence of these microorganisms (cf. FELASA recommendations for health monitoring in rodents, last revision: Mähler et al. 2014), either to exclude infected animals from the experiment, to initiate treatment if required (and possible), or at least to have…”
Backgroundd-aspartate treatment in vitro improves mouse sperm fertility in young B6N mice
Raspa, M., Paoletti, R., Mahabir, E., et al. (2020) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.031 · Cited by 13
Self-citationRescue from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection via Stem Cell Transplantation
Brinkert, K., Hedtfeld, S., Burhop, A., Gastmeier, R., Gad, P., Wedekind, D., Kloth, C., Rothschuh, J., Lachmann, N., Hetzel, M., et al. (2020) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.12.003 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- FELASA working group on revision of guidelines for health monitoring of rodents and rabbits, Mähler (Convenor), M., Berard, M., Feinstein, R., Gallagher, A., Illgen-Wilcke, B., Pritchett-Corning, K., & Raspa, M.
- Affiliations
- GV-SOLAS, Gesellschaft für Versuchstierkunde
- Swedish Veterinary Agency (SE)
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- University of Washington (US)
- AALAS, American Association for Laboratory Animal Science
- National Research Council (IT)
- Venue
- Laboratory Animals
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-02-04
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 178-192
- ISSN
- 0023-6772 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-1117
- OpenAlex
- W2153218957
- Semantic Scholar
- 3f0f57dfc81bdbf0b4adc599d3696d57bd2535a2
- Cited by
- 646
- References
- 382
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 51.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2014-09-02)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Laboratory Animals (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- laboratory animal health monitoring, sentinel animals, opportunistic pathogens, laboratory mice, laboratory rats, golden hamster, guinea pig, rabbits, laboratory animal medicine
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