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How do Funeral Practices Impact Bereaved Relatives' Mental Health, Grief and Bereavement? A Mixed Methods Review with Implications for COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
Those who are bereaved during the current COVID-19 pandemic are subject to restrictions on funeral sizes and practices. We conducted a rapid review synthesising the quantitative and qualitative evidence regarding the effect of funeral practices on bereaved relatives’ mental health and bereavement outcomes. Searches of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, KSR Evidence, and COVID-related resources were conducted. 805 records were screened; 17 studies of variable quality were included. Current evidence regarding the effect of funeral practices on bereaved relatives’ mental health and bereavement outcomes is inconclusive. Five observational studies found benefits from funeral participation while six did not. However, qualitative research provides additional insight: the benefit of after-death rituals including funerals depends on the ability of the bereaved to shape those rituals and say goodbye in a way which is meaningful for them. Findings highlight the important role of funeral officiants during the pandemic. Research is needed to better understand the experiences and sequalae of grief and bereavement during COVID-19.
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McDuffie, D. L., Kouchi, K. A. K., Dorman, H. R., Bownes, E., Condon, S., & Crowther, M. (2021) · Omega · doi:10.1177/00302228211029500 · Cited by 4
“A rapid review of the literature by Burrell and Selman (2020) found no conclusive support for improved mental health outcomes relative to the participation in funeral practices.”
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Munandar, N. C., Lima, L., & Costa, T. (2024) · Journal of Humanities Research Sustainability · doi:10.70177/jhrs.v1i4.1797 · Cited by 3
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Dodd, A., & Guérin, S. (2024) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228241272608 · Cited by 3
“However, in line with other fi ndings (Burrell & Selman, 2022) funeral directors in this study demonstrated great resilience, an ability to adapt to the restrictions and to respond creatively to the needs of the bereaved in dif fi cult circumstances.”
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“(Burrell & Selman, 2022)(Long & Buehring, 2014).”
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Tan, W.-J., Tsang, K.-T. A., Su, J., & Zhao, K.-D. (2023) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/00208728231173267 · Cited by 2
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“The literature on grief rituals suggests that marking transitions can foster meaning-making and emotional adjustment [63–65].”
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Chilwalo, B. N., Rantho, K. M., Hasheela, M. W., & Matlakala, F. K. (2024) · Environment and Social Psychology · doi:10.54517/esp.v9i3.2188 · Cited by 2
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“On the other hand, another study states that funerals should be meaningful and helpful for grieving families, letting them feel in control and get social support despite existing constraints (Burrell & Selman, 2020).”
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Conway, H. (2023) · Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly · doi:10.53386/nilq.v74i2.1094 · Cited by 1
Gabay, G., & Tarabeih, M. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221137393 · Cited by 1
“Previous studies called to explore the experience of Muslims in death and grief from COVID-19 through qualitative studies (Burrell, & Selman, 2020).”
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Sio, C., Mann, A., Jia, Q.-M., & Lee, L.-H. (2026) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.30734
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Malimabe, M., Muyambo, T., & Leshota, P. (2026) · Genealogy · doi:10.3390/genealogy10040129
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Concepcion, J., Lacson, R., Miranda, J., Punzalan, L. C., & Ramos, J. (2026) · PUNLA · doi:10.67730/gcaz7353
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“For example, due to the pandemic’s high death toll, many youth lost close relations during the pandemic — an experience whose difficulty was compounded by lack of access to collective structures for grieving, such as funerals and family gatherings (49).”
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“Rituals such as funerals provide not only closure but also social validation of grief and emotional support [44].”
Coelho, A., Albuquerque, S., Delalibera, M., & Batista, J. (2026) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228261443784
Ungureanu, D. (2026) · Modern Africa · doi:10.26806/modafr.v14i1.629
“During the pandemic, as in-person gatherings became restricted, funerals moved online: families livestreamed ceremonies, mourners participated virtually, and digital platforms became central for collective grieving (Burrell and Selman 2022; MacNeil et al. 2021).”
“I had no hug”: The grief and resilience of older women during the COVID-19 pandemic
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Pillonel, A., Berthod, M.-A., Charrier, P., Clavandier, G., Julier-Costes, M., & Pagnamenta, V. (2025) · Mortality · doi:10.1080/13576275.2025.2535455
“Based on a rapid review of quantitative and qualitative studies conducted prior to the pandemic, Burell and Selman (2020) highlight that the effect of funeral practices on bereavement outcomes is inconclusive, a statement echoing that made by Mitima-Verloop and her colleagues: ‘Empirical findings…”
López-Acevo, C. A., Leal, N. V. G., Castelló, G. G., Álvarez‐Villalobos, N. A., Ruíz-Padilla, J. P., & Ruiz-Hernández, F. G. (2026) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2026.103481
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“The literature reviewed posits that such immense emotions, without closure and proper social support, could result in psychological problems and complicated grief (Burrell and Selman 2020; Stroebe and Schut 2021).”
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Dürü, Ç., Cochliou, D., Keskindağ, B., & Mertan, B. E. (2025) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2025.2595976
Nicolai, M., Ullrich, A., Ruck, J., Jaspers, B., Bialobrzeski, A., Degutsch, R., Oechsle, K., Radbruch, L., Gágyor, I., & Hettich-Damm, N. (2025) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-025-01860-w
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Legramante, Y. Y. D. S., de Oliveira, P. S., Araujo-Betetti, P. N., dos Santos, F. D., Santos, K. D. S., & Fortuna, C. M. (2025) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232025309.19632023en
Baloyi, V., & Shilubane, H. N. (2025) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2025.2551108
“However, Burrell and Selman (2020) disagree that funeral restrictions in the context of COVID-19 affected the grieving process negatively; rather, they argue it depends on how the bereaved shape rituals in meaningful ways.”
Curd, J., Pierce, B. J., Hong, M., Lee, J., & Nguyễn, T. S. T. (2025) · Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care · doi:10.1080/15524256.2025.2560829
“Families and caregivers were frequently unable to be physically present at the time of death—forced instead to stand at the window or connect through phone or video as loved ones passed (Burrell & Selman, 2020).”
Grieving away from home: international bereaved graduate students’ grief experiences
Akmese, I., & Foreman, T. (2025) · Mortality · doi:10.1080/13576275.2025.2524722
Lone, A. A., Ganie, A. U. R., Paul, F. A., Mukhter, I., & Gupta, A. (2025) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2025.2477595
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Shaulis, K., & Garcia, V. (2024) · Hispanic Health Care International · doi:10.1177/15404153241290175
“Social distancing measures did not permit attending burials, wakes, and visiting the bereaved afterwards (Burrell & Selman, 2022; Rivera Rivera et al., 2021).”
Hamama‐Raz, Y. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2400355
“Nevertheless, a major review (Burrell & Selman, 2022) concluded that the benefit of after-death rituals depends on the ability of the bereaved people to shape those rituals and say goodbye in a way that is meaningful for them, and on whether the ritual demonstrates social support for the bereaved.”
Eka, N., Megawati, M., Wiranata, A. A., & Vienlentia, R. (2023) · Satya Widya: Jurnal Studi Agama · doi:10.33363/swjsa.v6i2.1045
“Selain itu, penelitian observasional menunjukkan bahwa pemakaman dikaitkan dengan manfaat yang signifikan bagi individu yang berduka, memberikan dampak positif pada kesedihan mereka (Burrell & Selman, 2022).”
BackgroundBereavement Experiences of Families of Elderly Individuals Who Died Due to COVID-19
Çaynak, S., & Boyacıoğlu, N. E. (2023) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228231200047
“It is stated that individuals who perform religious rituals, attend funerals and use support systems during the grieving process feel more comfortable (Burrell & Selman, 2022).”
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Ariani, T. A., & Anggraini, I. R. (2023) · Malahayati Nursing Journal · doi:10.33024/mnj.v5i7.9925
“The findings emphasize the importance of funeral attendants during a pandemic who facilitates the burial process and the application of health protocols (Burrell & Selman, 2020).”
BackgroundEditorial: Health service management and leadership: COVID-style
Dadich, A., Buttiġieġ, S. C., Macassa, G., & West, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1141055
Død, sorg og ritualer under pandemien
Andersen, K. (2022) · Suicidologi/Nytt i suicidologi · doi:10.5617/suicidologi.9995
“Det er viktig å påpeke at dette er studier som er gjort kort tid etter dødsfallet har skjedd, og at vi vet lite om hvordan Covid19 pandemien vil påvirke sorgprosesser på lengre sikt (Burrell & Selman, 2020).”
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De l’art de ritualiser en contexte pandémique
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Amador, E., Hernández-Chincoya, R., & Riley, A. R. (2023) · Advances in Global Health · doi:10.1525/agh.2023.2048236
Same but Different: The Perceptions of Faith-Based Funeral Providers in a Pandemic
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Metadata
- Authors
- Burrell, A., & Selman, L. E.
- Affiliations
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Venue
- OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-07-08
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 345-383
- ISSN
- 0030-2228 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-3764
- PMC
- PMC9185109
- OpenAlex
- W3042072222
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2020-25-003)
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
- Keywords
- funerary practices, bereavement, grief, COVID-19 pandemic, funeral restrictions, farewell, ritual participation
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Bereavement, Funeral Rites, Grief, Humans, Mental Health, Pandemics
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