Cited by 799Identity, Memory, and TherapyYouth Education and Societal DynamicsRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

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Identity and Agency in Emerging Adulthood: Two Developmental Routes in the Individualization Process

Schwartz, Seth J., Côté, James E., Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen·2005·Youth & Society

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Abstract

The study of emerging adulthood—the prolonged transition to adulthood extending into the 20s—is a rapidly growing area of research. Although identity issues are prominent during this period, the role of personal agency and individualization in the identity formation process during these years is not well understood. This study examines three psychological aspects of identity formation (style, status, and process) in relation to personal agency associated with the individualization process. Structural equation modeling analyses suggest that higher levels of agency are positively related to exploration and flexible commitment, unrelated to conformity, and negatively related to avoidance. Cluster analysis was used to examine and support a theorized polarity between developmental and default forms of individualization. Replicated across three U.S. ethnic groups, the results suggest that emerging adults utilize agentic capacities to varying degrees, and that the degree of agency utilized is directly related to the coherence of the emerging adult's identity.

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Skhirtladze, N., Javakhishvili, N., Schwartz, S. J., Beyers, W., & Luyckx, K. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.08.006 · Cited by 79
Self-citation
The Role of Proactive Coping Strategies, Time Perspective, Perceived Efficacy on Affect Regulation, Divergent Thinking and Family Communication in Promoting Social Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood
Zambianchi, M., & Bitti, P. E. R. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0307-x · Cited by 81
Identity around the world: An overview
Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Meca, A., & Ritchie, R. A. (2012) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20019 · Cited by 88
Self-citation
Can Locus of Control Compensate for Socioeconomic Adversity in the Transition from School to Work?
Ng‐Knight, T., & Schoon, I. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0720-6 · Cited by 71
The Path from Identity Commitments to Adjustment: Motivational Underpinnings and Mediating Mechanisms
Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Goossens, L. (2010) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00150.x · Cited by 68
Self-citation
Converging identities: Dimensions of acculturation and personal identity status among immigrant college students.
Schwartz, S. J., Kim, S. Y., Whitbourne, S. K., Zamboanga, B. L., Weisskirch, R. S., Forthun, L. F., Vazsonyi, A. T., Beyers, W., & Luyckx, K. (2012) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030753 · Cited by 83
Self-citation
Identity Centrality and Psychosocial Functioning
Meca, A., Ritchie, R. A., Beyers, W., Schwartz, S. J., Picariello, S., Zamboanga, B. L., Hardy, S. A., Luyckx, K., Kim, S. Y., Whitbourne, S. K., et al. (2015) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696815593183 · Cited by 67
Self-citation
Moving targets: A developmental framework for understanding children's changes following disasters
Franks, B. A. (2011) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2010.12.004 · Cited by 68
A stage of limbo: A meta‐synthesis of refugees' liminality
Hartonen, V. R., Väisänen, P., Karlsson, L., & Pöllänen, S. H. (2021) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12349 · Cited by 73
Identity development, personality, and well-being in adolescence and emerging adulthood: Theory, research, and recent advances.
Schwartz, S. J., Donnellan, M. B., Ravert, R. D., Luyckx, K., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2013) · Cited by 67
Self-citation
I'll Show Them: The Social Construction of (In)Competence in Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumors
Boydell, K., Stasiulis, E., Greenberg, M., Greenberg, C. M., & Spiegler, B. J. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043454208315547 · Cited by 66

Authors: Schwartz, S. J., Côté, J. E., & Arnett, J. J.
Affiliations: University of Miami (US)
Western University (CA)
University of Maryland, College Park (US)
ORCID: Schwartz, Seth J.
Côté, James E.
Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen
Venue: Youth & Society
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2005-12
Volume: 37
Issue: 2
Pages: 201-229
ISSN: 0044-118X (ISSN-L)
1552-8499
DOI: 10.1177/0044118x05275965
OpenAlex: W2166065160
Cited by: 799
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 19.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Youth & Society (publishedVersion)
Clark Digital Commons (Clark University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Youth Education and Societal Dynamics
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: emerging adulthood, identity construction, individual agency, individualization, identity status, identity processes, identity styles, identity exploration, conformity, identity avoidance, identity coherence, ethnic differences

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Identity and Agency in Emerging Adulthood: Two Developmental Routes in the Individualization Process

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