Cited by 213Optimism, Hope, and Well-beingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesSocial and Intergroup Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Optimism and Attentional Bias for Negative and Positive Stimuli

Segerstrom, Suzanne C.·2001·Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

DOI 10.1177/01461672012710009

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Optimism, or positive outcome expectancy, correlates with better psychological and physiological adjustment, in part because of conscious behavior such as coping. However, procedural, automatic, and unconscious processes also may affect adjustment. The emotional Stroop task was used to assess the relationships between optimism and unconscious attentional bias for positively valenced, negatively valenced, neutral current concern, and neutral control stimuli. Undergraduate students (n = 48) completed personality measures at the beginning of the semester and completed the Stroop task under separate cover. Optimism was associated with a greater attentional bias for positive stimuli relative to negative stimuli. Optimism also was associated with slower skin conductance response rates during negative stimuli. Unconscious attentional biases may contribute to the better adjustment associated with optimism.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/01461672012710009

Cites

62 of 62 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology
Kahneman, D. J., Diener, E. F., & Schwarz, N. (1999) · Cited by 7,472
Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test.
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1063 · Cited by 7,456
Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465 · Cited by 4,636
The Psychological Bulletin
Frankmann, J. P., & Adams, J. (1904) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1412635 · Cited by 4,247
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174794 · Cited by 4,110
Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis
Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1984) · Cited by 3,925
The unbearable automaticity of being
Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462 · Cited by 3,699 · cited 2×
“However, procedural, automatic, and unconscious processes also affect behavior and mood (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Compas, Connor, Osowiecki, & Welch, 1997).”
Background
The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions.
Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (1994) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 2,839
Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.92.1.111 · Cited by 2,650
The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology
Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.3 · Cited by 2,420
Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: theoretical overview and empirical update
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173489 · Cited by 2,220
Discriminant validity of well-being measures.
Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.616 · Cited by 1,858
Cognitive Therapy of Depression
Fischer, H. (1980) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(80)73639-3 · Cited by 1,612
The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time.
Epstein, S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.7.1097 · Cited by 1,468
The American Heritage Word Frequency Book
Warren, R. E., Carroll, J. B., Davies, P. S., & Richman, B. (1973) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421864 · Cited by 1,379
Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists.
Scheier, M. F., Weintraub, J. K., & Carver, C. S. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1257 · Cited by 1,252
How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: a study of women with early stage breast cancer
Carver, C. S., Pozo, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. F., Robinson, D. S., Ketcham, A. S., Moffat, F. L., & Clark, K. C. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.375 · Cited by 1,228
Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: two construals of meaning.
Davis, C. G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.561 · Cited by 1,168
Modelling cognition in emotional disorder: the S-REF model
Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00050-2 · Cited by 1,067
Modeling cognitive adaptation: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of individual differences and coping on college adjustment and performance.
Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.989 · Cited by 1,060
Dispositional optimism and recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery: The beneficial effects on physical and psychological well-being.
Scheier, M. F., Matthews, K. A., Owens, J. F., Magovern, G. J., Lefebvre, R. C., Abbott, R. A., & Carver, C. S. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.57.6.1024 · Cited by 1,023
Principles of psychophysiology : physical, social, and inferential elements
Cacioppo, J. T., & Tassinary, L. G. (1990) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 780
Coping with a breast cancer diagnosis: A prospective study.
Stanton, A. L., & Snider, P. R. (1993) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.12.1.16 · Cited by 574 · cited 1×
“…(Aspinwall & Taylor, 1992; Carver et al., 1993; Epping-Jordan et al., 1999; Scheier & Carver, 1992; Segerstrom, Taylor, Kemeny, & Fahey, 1998; Stanton & Snider, 1993) and also might be associated with better physical health via relationships to the cardiovascular and immune systems…”
Background
Distinguishing optimism from pessimism: Relations to fundamental dimensions of mood and personality.
Marshall, G. N., Wortman, C. B., Kusulas, J. W., Hervig, L. K., & Vickers, R. R. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1067 · Cited by 568
Optimism is associated with mood, coping, and immune change in response to stress.
Segerstrom, S. C., Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Fahey, J. L. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1646 · Cited by 527
Galen's prophecy: temperament in human nature
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-2419 · Cited by 467
Psychological adjustment in breast cancer: Processes of emotional distress.
Epping-Jordan, J. E., Compas, B. E., Osowiecki, D. M., Oppedisano, G., Gerhardt, C., Primo, K., & Krag, D. N. (1999) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.18.4.315 · Cited by 448
A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall.
Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Neale, J. M., Shiffman, S. M., Marco, C. A., Hickcox, M., Paty, J. A., Porter, L. S., & Cruise, L. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1670 · Cited by 446
Optimism, neuroticism, coping, and symptom reports: An alternative interpretation of the Life Orientation Test.
Smith, T. W., Pope, M. K., Rhodewalt, F. T., & Poulton, J. L. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.4.640 · Cited by 380
Anxiety and the selective processing of emotional information: Mediating roles of awareness, trait and state variables, and personal relevance of stimu
MacLeod, C., & Rutherford, E. M. (1992) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(92)90032-c · Cited by 373
A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall.
Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Neale, J. M., et al. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1670 · Cited by 346
Dispositional optimism and primary and secondary appraisal of a stressor: Controlling for confounding influences and relations to coping and psychological and physical adjustment.
Chang, E. C. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.1109 · Cited by 297
White bears and other unwanted thoughts
Wegner, D. M. (1990) · Cited by 293
Effects of stress and anxiety on the processing of threat stimuli.
Mogg, K., Mathews, A., Bird, C., & Macgregor-Morris, R. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.6.1230 · Cited by 290
Effects of stress and anxiety on the processing of threat stimuli
Mogg, K., Mathews, A., Bird, C., & Macgregor-Morris, R. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.6.1230 · Cited by 289
Effects of optimism, pessimism, and trait anxiety on ambulatory blood pressure and mood during everyday life.
Räikkönen, K., Matthews, K. A., Flory, J. D., Owens, J. F., & Gump, B. B. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.104 · Cited by 288
Distinguishing Optimism from Denial: Optimistic Beliefs Predict Attention to Health Threats
Aspinwall, L. G., & Brunhart, S. M. (1996) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672962210002 · Cited by 267
Expression of stressful experiences through writing: Effects of a self-regulation manipulation for pessimists and optimists.
Cameron, L. D., & Nicholls, G. (1998) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.17.1.84 · Cited by 240
Realistic acceptance as a predictor of decreased survival time in gay men with AIDS.
Reed, G. M., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E., Wang, H.-Y. J., & al, E. (1994) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.13.4.299 · Cited by 234
Stress-Related Growth and Thriving Through Coping: The Roles of Personality and Cognitive Processes
Park, C. L. (1998) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01218.x · Cited by 231
Effects of mood manipulation and anxiety on performance of an emotional Stroop task
Richards, A., French, C. C., Johnson, W., Naparstek, J., & Williams, J. (1992) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02454.x · Cited by 222
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
(2010) · Encyclopedia of Research Design · doi:10.4135/9781412961288.n443 · Cited by 217
Cognitive intrusions in a non-clinical population. I. Response style, subjective experience, and appraisal
Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Thibodeau, N., & Gagnon, F. (1991) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(91)90008-q · Cited by 193
Performance on the emotional Stroop task in groups of anxious, expert, and control subjects: A comparison of computer and card presentation formats.
Dalgleish, T. (1995) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939508408971 · Cited by 152
Optimism, pessimism, and false failure feedback: Effects on vigilance performance
Helton, W. S., Dember, W. N., Warm, J. S., & Matthews, G. (1999) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-999-1006-2 · Cited by 147
Effects of anxiety and awareness on colour-identification latencies for emotional words.
Mogg, K., Kentish, J., & Bradley, B. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90107-6 · Cited by 144
The Costs and Benefits of Optimistic Explanations and Dispositional Optimism
Tennen, H. A., & Affleck, G. G. (1987) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00443.x · Cited by 143
Attention, Automaticity, and Affective Disorder
Matthews, G., & Adrian Wells, A. (2000) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445500241004 · Cited by 136
Effortful and Involuntary Responses to Stress
Compas, B. E., Connor, J. K., Osowiecki, D. M., & Welch, A. S. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9862-3_4 · Cited by 126
CONNECTIONIST MODELS OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS AND ATTENTIONAL BIAS
Harley, G. M. T. A. (1996) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999396380060 · Cited by 122
Processing of emotional information in anxious subjects
Mogg, K., & Marden, B. (1990) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1990.tb00874.x · Cited by 120
The roles of constructive thinking and optimism in psychological and behavioral adjustment during pregnancy.
Park, C. L., Moore, P. J., Turner, R. A., & Adler, N. E. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.3.584 · Cited by 98
Dispositional optimism, neuroticism, and extraversion
Williams, D. G. (1992) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90076-2 · Cited by 85
For Every Malady a Sovereign Cure: Optimism Training
Riskind, J. H., Sarampote, C. S., & Mercier, M. A. (1996) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.10.2.105 · Cited by 83
Appraisal of cognitive intrusions and response style: Replication and extension
Freeston, M. H., & Ladouceur, R. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90070-b · Cited by 82
The roles of constructive thinking and optimism in psychological and behavioral adjustment during pregnancy.
Park, C. L., Moore, P. J., Turner, R. A., et al. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.584 · Cited by 71
The effects of social context and defensiveness on the physiological responses of repressive copers.
Barger, S. D., Kircher, J. C., & Croyle, R. T. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.5.1118 · Cited by 66
Temperament and attention to positive and negative trait information
Reed, M. A., & Derryberry, D. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00121-8 · Cited by 65
The effects of social context and defensiveness on the physiological responses of repressive copers.
Barger, S. D., Kircher, J. C., & Croyle, R. T. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.1118 · Cited by 46
Processing of emotional meaning in anxiety
Mathews, A., & Milroy, R. (1994) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939408408958 · Cited by 44
Current Concerns and Electrodermal Reactivity: Responses to Words and Thoughts
Nikula, R., Klinger, E., & Larson‐Gutman, M. K. (1993) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00279.x · Cited by 37

Research works printed but not linked: 11

Bruner, J. S., 1957, Psychological Bulletin, 64, 123
10.1037/0033-2909.92.1.111 · DOI · Paper page
Fiske, S. T., 1991, Social cognition
Higgins, E. T., 1989, Unintended thought, 75
10.1037/0278-6133.13.4.299 · DOI
1977, Roget’s International Thesaurus
10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1024 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1257 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.56.4.640 · DOI
Spielberger, C. D., 1983, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y)

Sorted by citations

Optimism
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006 · Cited by 2,051
The Evolving Concept of Subjective Well-Being: The Multifaceted Nature of Happiness
Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Lucas, R. E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_4 · Cited by 954
Measuring emotional processes in animals: the utility of a cognitive approach
Paul, E. S., Harding, E. J., & Mendl, M. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.01.002 · Cited by 856
The effect of manager-specific optimism on the tone of earnings conference calls
Davis, A. K., Ge, W., Matsumoto, D. A., & Zhang, J. L. (2014) · Review of Accounting Studies · doi:10.1007/s11142-014-9309-4 · Cited by 593
The attention-intention-effort pathway in the development of psychophysiologic insomnia: a theoretical review
Espie, C. A., Broomfield, N. M., MacMahon, K. M. A., Macphee, L. M., & Taylor, L. M. (2006) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2006.03.002 · Cited by 532

See all 213

Authors: Segerstrom, S. C.
Affiliations: University of Kentucky (US)
Corresponding author: Segerstrom, Suzanne C.
ORCID: Segerstrom, Suzanne C.
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2001-10
Volume: 27
Issue: 10
Pages: 1334-1343
ISSN: 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
1552-7433
DOI: 10.1177/01461672012710009
OpenAlex: W1969094803
Cited by: 213
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 8.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: optimism, attentional bias, emotional Stroop task, unconscious attention, outcome expectations, positive valence, negative valence, skin conductance response, emotional adjustment, automatic processes

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Optimism and Attentional Bias for Negative and Positive Stimuli

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks