Cited by 233Personality Traits and PsychologyEmotions and Moral BehaviorPerfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies

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Hopes Dashed and Dreams Fulfilled: Contingencies of Self-Worth and Graduate School Admissions

Crocker, Jennifer, Sommers, Samuel R., Luhtanen, Riia K.·2002·Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

DOI 10.1177/01461672022812012

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Abstract

James (1890/1950) argued that self-esteem fluctuates around a typical level in response to successes and failures in domains on which self-worth is staked. In a test of James’s hypothesis, 32 students applying to graduate school completed a measure of contingencies of self-worth, and then for 2 months reported global self-esteem twice a week and any day they heard from a graduate program. As predicted, participants who were higher in basing their self-esteem on academic competence showed greater increases in self-esteem on acceptance days and greater decreases in self-esteem on rejection days than participants low in this contingency of self-worth. Daily affect was significantly related to daily self-esteem, but this association was stronger for students who based their self-esteem on academic competence, suggesting that affect and self-esteem are more strongly related when events are relevant to one’s contingencies of self-worth. Implications for research on stability of self-esteem are considered.

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“Al respecto, Crocker y colaboradores, señalan que los incrementos y decrementos en la autoestima de los adolescentes dependerá de los éxitos o fracasos que experimenten en la vida, así como de las circunstancias en que se presenten [27].”
Background
Expectation matters: The effect of cognitive dissonance on self-esteem, academic disengagement, achievement and associated emotions
Liu, Y. R. (2008) · Cited by 3
How contingencies of self-worth influence reactions to emotional and sexual infidelity
Ellis, M., & Kleinplatz, P. J. (2018) · The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality · doi:10.3138/cjhs.2017-0023 · Cited by 3
Academic Emotions Experienced by Academically High-Achieving Females Who Developed Disordered Eating
Krafchek, J., & Kronborg, L. (2019) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783193.2019.1661053 · Cited by 3
“In one study (Crocker et al., 2002), the more a senior college student’s self-worth was contingent on doing well academically, the greater the increase in self-esteem and positive emotions on days when the student was accepted to a graduate program and the greater the drop in self-esteem and…”
Background
Does Schooling Causally Impact Non-Cognitive Skills? Evidence from Elimination of Social Security Student Benefits
Sanginabadi, B. (2020) · Economies · doi:10.3390/economies8010005 · Cited by 5
“For example, a student might try to get high grades, or someone might try to receive a high academic degree only to facilitate landing a high paying job or to apply for a professional program (Crocker and Wolfe 2001; Crocker et al. 2002).”
Background
Hiking in the shadow of Mt Doom: how outdoor adventure programs can impact locus of control in university students
Smith, C. A., & Thomas, E. N. (2021) · Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · doi:10.1080/14729679.2021.2011336 · Cited by 5
PREDICTORES DE AUTOEFICACIA PARA EL CONTROL DE PESO EN ESTUDIANTES ADOLESCENTES
Hernández, R. L., Gómez‐Peresmitré, G., Santos, G. M., et al. (2022) · Revista de Psicología de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México · doi:10.36677/rpsicologia.v11i22.17733 · Cited by 3
Mindfulness-based stress reduction: Does mindfulness training affect competence based self-esteem and burnout?
Rajamäki, S. (2011) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 3
Academic Contingency of Self-worth and Achievement in Japanese Junior High School Students: How does Subjective Achievement on a Midterm Exam Influence Later Motivation and Achievement?
Ohtani, K., & Nakaya, M. (2013) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.21.254 · Cited by 2
Self‐esteem and rational self‐handicapping
Mannahan, R. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/sjoe.70028 · Cited by 2
Daily Evaluation Threat and Instability in the Ability Self‐Concept Among Stereotype‐Aware Women
Meinderts, I., Veldman, J., & van Laar, C. (2025) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.13085 · Cited by 2
“Barbie is a doctor, a lawyer, and so much more than that!”: perceiving gender inequalities is associated with higher professional aspirations
Ciaffoni, S., Ingellis, A. G., Bosch, J. L. C., Rubini, M., & Moscatelli, S. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07817-9 · Cited by 2
“Previous research on university students identified seven possible contingencies of self-worth (e.g., physical appearance; being a virtual and moral person; Crocker et al., 2002).”
The different ways students base their self-worth on academics: typologies identified by a factor mixture modeling approach
Lawrence, J. S., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2025.2522423 · Cited by 3
“Although this unidimensional framework has generated much research, yielded important findings, and advanced theory (Crocker et al., 2002, 2003), recent empirical evidence suggests that this individual difference is multidimensional (Fairlamb et al., 2022; Griffin et al., 2012; Liu & Huang, 2018;…”
Répercussions du résultat d'un examen universitaire sur l'estime globale de soi : fluctuations et structure sous-jacente aux changements
Stéphan, Y., & Maïano, C. (2006) · Les cahiers internationaux de psychologie sociale · doi:10.3917/cips.071.0015 · Cited by 2
The Joint Influence of Academic Contingency of Self-Worth and Perceived Cumulative Achievement on Academic Motivation
Ohtani, K. (2012) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.21.190 · Cited by 2
DROPPING OUT OF SCHOOL THROUGH THE PRISM OF PERSONAL QUALITIES: SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS
Milenkova, V. G., & Manov, B. F. (2021) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.37708/psyct.v14i1.562 · Cited by 2
Contingencies of Self-Worth (CSW) Scale
Li, S., Brown, A. A., & Crocker, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1221-1 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Contingencies of Self-Worth (CSW) Scale
Li, S., Brown, A. A., & Crocker, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1221 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
An evaluation of the effectiveness of Reformed Christian schooling in terms of academic contingent self-worth: an American case in the late 1980s 1
Choi, K.-J., & Herrington, C. D. (2025) · British Journal of Religious Education · doi:10.1080/01416200.2025.2512169 · Cited by 1
“Academic contingent self-worth refers to the degree to which a person affirms his or her self-worth as a whole person based on perceived success in the academic domain (Crocker, Luhtanen, et al. 2003; Crocker and Park 2004; Crocker, Sommers, and Luhtanen 2002).”
The Advantage of Fitting the Ingroup: Ingroup Prototypicality and Attributed Occupational Success
Reinhard, M., Schindler, S., Stahlberg, D., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v6n3p129 · Cited by 1
Parental Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism and Helicopter Parenting: Mediation Through Parent Separation Anxiety and Parental Contingent Self-Worth
Lewis, M. B. E., Slater, J. J., McGinley, M. M., & Rote, W. M. (2023) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-023-09468-1 · Cited by 3
“It tends to be specific to those domains deemed most important, such as in competition, academic performance, and parenting (Crocker et al., 2002; Grolnick et al., 2007; Park & Crocker, 2005).”

Authors: Crocker, J., Sommers, S. R., & Luhtanen, R. K.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Crocker, Jennifer
ORCID: Crocker, Jennifer
Sommers, Samuel R.
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-09
Volume: 28
Issue: 9
Pages: 1275-1286
ISSN: 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
1552-7433
DOI: 10.1177/01461672022812012
OpenAlex: W2003104100
Cited by: 233
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 13.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Keywords: self-esteem, contingencies of self-worth, postgraduate admission, academic competence, self-esteem stability, daily affect, acceptance and rejection

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Hopes Dashed and Dreams Fulfilled: Contingencies of Self-Worth and Graduate School Admissions

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