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Hopes Dashed and Dreams Fulfilled: Contingencies of Self-Worth and Graduate School Admissions
Abstract
James (1890/1950) argued that self-esteem fluctuates around a typical level in response to successes and failures in domains on which self-worth is staked. In a test of James’s hypothesis, 32 students applying to graduate school completed a measure of contingencies of self-worth, and then for 2 months reported global self-esteem twice a week and any day they heard from a graduate program. As predicted, participants who were higher in basing their self-esteem on academic competence showed greater increases in self-esteem on acceptance days and greater decreases in self-esteem on rejection days than participants low in this contingency of self-worth. Daily affect was significantly related to daily self-esteem, but this association was stronger for students who based their self-esteem on academic competence, suggesting that affect and self-esteem are more strongly related when events are relevant to one’s contingencies of self-worth. Implications for research on stability of self-esteem are considered.
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“Research suggests that increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect predict increases in daily state self-esteem (Crocker et al., 2002).”
From Self‐esteem development and life events: A review and integrative process framework (2022) · cites this paper as Crocker et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“Experiences of competence including academic successes (Crocker et al., 2002(Crocker et al., , 2003) ) and academic self-enhancement (seeing one's academic successes in an overly positive light; Dufner et al., 2015) were found to predict state and trait self-esteem.”
From Self‐esteem development and life events: A review and integrative process framework (2022) · cites this paper as Crocker et al., 2002
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“For example, although college seniors who base their self-esteem on academics show a boost in self-esteem and a reduction of negative affect when they are admitted to a graduate program, the boost to self-esteem lasts at most a few days, and then returns to its baseline level (Crocker et al., 2002).”
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Gao, Q., Zhang, K., Cao, Y., Li, J., Bian, R., & Wang, X.-H. F. (2023) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-023-09888-6 · Cited by 33
“CSW—the extent to which the individual's self-esteem is contingent on outcomes from different life domains (Crocker & Wolfe, 2001; Crocker et al., 2002, 2003a, 2003b)—is proposed to be an important trait that can greatly impact an individual's goals.”
Wegener, I., Geiser, F., Alfter, S., Mierke, J., Imbierowicz, K., Kleiman, A., Koch, A. S., & Conrad, R. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.12.001 · Cited by 40
Feeling Attached to Symbolic Brands within the Context of Brand Transgressions
Sayin, E., & Gürhan-Canli, Z. (2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1548-643520150000012009 · Cited by 29
Effects of match result and social comparison on sport state self-esteem fluctuations
Bardel, M.-H., Fontayne, P., Colombel, F., & Schiphof, L. (2010) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.01.005 · Cited by 29
Cambron, M., & Acitelli, L. (2010) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.701 · Cited by 31
Self-stigma coping and treatment-seeking in problem gambling
Horch, J. D., & Hodgins, D. C. (2015) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2015.1078392 · Cited by 30
Goldenberg, J. L., Cooper, D., Heflick, N. A., Routledge, C. D., & Arndt, J. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.11.013 · Cited by 28
The Role of Mothers' Child-Based Worth in Their Affective Responses to Children's Performance
Ng, F. F., Pomerantz, E. M., Lam, S., & Deng, C. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12881 · Cited by 28
When Finding a Mate Feels Urgent: Why Relationship Contingency Predicts Mens and Womens Body Shame
Sanchez, D. T., Good, J. J., Kwang, T., & Saltzman, E. (2008) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335.39.2.90 · Cited by 27
“People are driven to accomplish success in contingent domains because success boosts, and failures threaten, their self-worth (Crocker et al., 2002).”
BackgroundCOMMENTARIES on "Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem"
Neiss, M. B., Stevenson, J., & Sedikides, C. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1401_02 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Crocker, J., Sommers, S. R., & Luhtanen, R. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crocker, Jennifer
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1275-1286
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2003104100
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 13.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Keywords
- self-esteem, contingencies of self-worth, postgraduate admission, academic competence, self-esteem stability, daily affect, acceptance and rejection
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