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Hopes Dashed and Dreams Fulfilled: Contingencies of Self-Worth and Graduate School Admissions
Abstract
James (1890/1950) argued that self-esteem fluctuates around a typical level in response to successes and failures in domains on which self-worth is staked. In a test of James’s hypothesis, 32 students applying to graduate school completed a measure of contingencies of self-worth, and then for 2 months reported global self-esteem twice a week and any day they heard from a graduate program. As predicted, participants who were higher in basing their self-esteem on academic competence showed greater increases in self-esteem on acceptance days and greater decreases in self-esteem on rejection days than participants low in this contingency of self-worth. Daily affect was significantly related to daily self-esteem, but this association was stronger for students who based their self-esteem on academic competence, suggesting that affect and self-esteem are more strongly related when events are relevant to one’s contingencies of self-worth. Implications for research on stability of self-esteem are considered.
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“Research suggests that increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect predict increases in daily state self-esteem (Crocker et al., 2002).”
From Self‐esteem development and life events: A review and integrative process framework (2022) · cites this paper as Crocker et al., 2002
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“Experiences of competence including academic successes (Crocker et al., 2002(Crocker et al., , 2003) ) and academic self-enhancement (seeing one's academic successes in an overly positive light; Dufner et al., 2015) were found to predict state and trait self-esteem.”
From Self‐esteem development and life events: A review and integrative process framework (2022) · cites this paper as Crocker et al., 2002
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Sorted by citations
TARGET ARTICLE: Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem
Kernis, M. H. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1401_01 · Cited by 1,683
“Crocker, Sommers, and Luhtanen (2002) examined the relation between contingent self-esteem and college seniors’ reactions to being accepted to or rejected by the graduate schools to which they had applied.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Crocker, J., Sommers, S. R., & Luhtanen, R. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crocker, Jennifer
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1275-1286
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2003104100
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 13.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Keywords
- self-esteem, contingencies of self-worth, postgraduate admission, academic competence, self-esteem stability, daily affect, acceptance and rejection
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