Motivated to penalize: women's strategic rejection of successful women
Abstract
Two studies tested the hypothesis that females penalize women who succeed in male gender-typed jobs to salvage their own self-views regarding competence. The authors proposed that women are motivated to penalize successful women (i.e., characterize them as unlikable and interpersonally hostile) to minimize the self-evaluative consequences of social comparison with a highly successful female target. Results supported the hypothesis. Whereas both male and female participants penalized successful women, blocking this penalization reduced female—but not male—participants' self-ratings of competence (Study 1). Moreover, positive feedback provided to female participants about their potential to succeed (Study 2) weakened negative reactions to successful women without costs to subsequent self-ratings of competence. These results suggest that the interpersonal derogation of successful women by other women functions as a self-protective strategy against threatening upward social comparisons.
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Exposure to highly successful female business leaders decreases women's self-ratings of competence.
“For example, exposure to highly successful female business leaders has been shown to decrease women's selfratings of competence (Parks-Stamm, Heilman, & Hearns, 2008).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Parks-Stamm, Heilman, & Hearns, 2008
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- Authors
- Parks-Stamm, E. J., Heilman, M. E., & Hearns, K. A.
- Affiliations
- New York University,
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-12-04
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 237-247
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2026070355
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 16.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Keywords
- perceived competence, upward social comparison, self-protection strategies, gender stereotypes, positive feedback, interpersonal hostility, women's self-concept
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Attitude, Career Mobility, Female, Hostility, Humans, Male, Motivation, New York City, Prejudice, Self Concept, United States, Universities
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