The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Precarious Manhood and Displays of Physical Aggression
Abstract
The results of three experiments demonstrate that physically aggressive displays are part of men's cultural script for restoring threatened gender status. In Studies 1 and 2, challenges to men's gender status elicited heightened physically aggressive displays, including punching a pad with greater force and selecting an aggressive boxing activity over a nonaggressive puzzle activity. Study 3 established that a public display of aggressive readiness reduced men's anxiety-related cognitions in the wake of a gender threat. This suggests that aggressive displays may function to downregulate negative affect when manhood has been threatened. The discussion considers past research on gender and physical aggression in light of the authors' thesis that manhood, relative to womanhood, is culturally defined as a precarious status that must be actively, even aggressively, defended.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The theory of masculine overcompensation (Bosson et al., 2009; Willer et al., 2013) further suggests that when men feel that their masculinity is threatened, they may respond by amplifying traditionally masculine behaviors/traits as a way to reassert and protect their gender identity.”
From A Sexist Language? Gender Differences in Attitudes and Use of Gender-Inclusive Pronouns (2025) · cites this paper as Bosson et al., 2009
Citations
Cites
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,870
Parental Investment and Sexual Selection
Trivers, R. L. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315129266-7 · Cited by 10,902
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.
Henry, N. W., Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. R. (1977) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2064799 · Cited by 7,242
Sexual strategies theory: an evolutionary perspective on human mating
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.2.204 · Cited by 4,253
Relational Aggression, Gender, and Social-Psychological Adjustment
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00900.x · Cited by 3,954
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231 · Cited by 3,915
Sex Differences in Social Behavior
Eagly, A. H. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203781906 · Cited by 3,440
Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social-Role Interpretation.
Doherty, E. G., & Eagly, A. H. (1989) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073813 · Cited by 3,281
Sex Differences in Aggression in Real-World Settings: A Meta-Analytic Review
Archer, J. (2004) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291 · Cited by 1,916
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2307/1131945 · DOI
- Neil, J.M., 1986, Sex Roles, 14, 335
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 493
Romantic Attraction and Insensitivity to Aggressive Cues Among Honor-Oriented Women
Baughman, K. R., & Brown, R. P. (2023) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-023-10090-2 · Cited by 2
The paradox of privilege: The downsides of masculinity for men and organizations
Martin, A. E., & Yoo, S. J. (2025) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2025.100226 · Cited by 3
Lorenz, L. L., Hüther, L., Steffens, M. C., Niedlich, C., Wesnitzer, H., & Kachel, S. (2026) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683261433109 · Cited by 4
Au, A. K. Y., Chen, S. X., & Cross, S. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.017 · Cited by 2
A Gendered Light on Empathy, Prosocial Behavior, and Forgiveness
Karniol, R., & Čehajić‐Clancy, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.020 · Cited by 1
Krook, M. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088460.003.0011 · Cited by 2
Krook, M. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088460.003.0016 · Cited by 2
Unveiling the Portrayal of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the Media
Akbaş, G., & Batur, S. C. (2023) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8893-5.ch005 · Cited by 2
Marcantonio, T. L., Jozkowski, K. N., Ham, L. S., & Parrott, D. J. (2023) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.23-00118 · Cited by 2
Fragility and forgiveness: Masculinity concerns affect men's willingness to forgive
Haselhuhn, M. P., & Ormiston, M. E. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104626 · Cited by 2
“Stand up for yourself!” Masculine honor beliefs and expectations for bullied youth
O’Dea, C. J., Rapp, S., Archer, A., Jones, T. L., & Saucier, D. A. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112922 · Cited by 2
Men’s Responses to Anger Management Group Practices in Türkiye
Turhan, Z., Baykal, N. B., & Fırat, E. (2025) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2024.2438614 · Cited by 2
Saucier, D. A., Miller, S. S., & O’Dea, C. J. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251329470 · Cited by 2
Gender and Personality Research in Psychology
Laher, S., Cheung, F. M., & Zeinoun, P. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.016 · Cited by 3
T’ng, S. T., Baharudin, R., & Ismail, Z. (2014) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-014-9279-x · Cited by 2
A Qualitative Study of Indian Children’s Perspectives on Peer Conflicts
Dhillon, M., & Babu, N. (2013) · Psychology and Developing Societies · doi:10.1177/0971333613500877 · Cited by 2
Nelson, A., & Nelson, V. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse · doi:10.29173/cjfy27143 · Cited by 2
Fleming, P. J. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/xvsj-rn24 · Cited by 2
King, R., & O’Riordan, C. (2019) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-019-09351-7 · Cited by 2
Intercultural Relationships, Migrant Women, and Intersection of Identities
Kashima, E. S., & Safdar, S. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.036 · Cited by 2
Feminist Theory and Methodologies
Pande, R., Liu, W., & Tseng, H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.003 · Cited by 2
Colliver, B. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65714-7_5 · Cited by 2
Henry, R. M., & Schudson, Z. C. (2024) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2024.2403002 · Cited by 3
Berkowitz, M., Stern, E., Hofer, S. I., & Deiglmayr, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.032 · Cited by 3
Laughter: Feminist Friend or Foe?
Richmond, J. C., & Richmond, K. A. (2019) · Women s Reproductive Health · doi:10.1080/23293691.2019.1619056 · Cited by 2
Seeing Gender amid ‘Unimaginable Atrocities’
Grey, R. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108652346.001 · Cited by 1
Happiness across Cultures and Genders
Kim‐Prieto, C., Heye, M., & Mangino, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.038 · Cited by 1
Women’s Leadership across Cultures
Reichard, R. J., Trainor, L. L., Jensen, K. L., & Macias‐Alonso, I. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.026 · Cited by 1
Instability of Gender Identity
Hagai, E. B., & Zurbriggen, E. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84891-0_4 · Cited by 1
Examining the Effect of Threatened Masculinity on Gun Violence
Vincent, B., Keenan, K., Pisano, C., Loiacono, A., & DiBlasi, T. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231219789 · Cited by 1
Işık, U., & ÇAKIR, G. (2024) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2024.2394731 · Cited by 1
The influence of sexual prejudice and gender on trait and state-level empathy
Winward, S. B., & Itier, R. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1527124 · Cited by 1
Precarious manhood and abusive supervision: defining the relationship
Fletcher, K. A., Kom, A. J., & Spoelma, T. M. (2025) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-11-2024-0502 · Cited by 1
Traditional and Insecure Masculinities Are Not the Best Allies of Caring Fatherhood
Cornejo, J. A. F., Pozo-García, E. D., & Escot, L. (2025) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-025-09378-4 · Cited by 1
A Male Hostility Spiral? Polarized Communication among Political Elites on Social Media
Wendsjö, A., Bäck, H., & Kokkonen, A. (2025) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/739664 · Cited by 1
Climbing the ladder under pressure: precarious manhood and the ambition gender gap
Mojzisch, A., & Roswag, M. (2025) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-01-2025-0046 · Cited by 1
Beam, A. J., Newell, E. E., Nguyen, T.-V. C., & Wellman, J. D. (2025) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.70028 · Cited by 1
Berlin, E., Coppola, I., Tironi, M., Bizzi, F., Rania, N., Scudieri, L., & Rollero, C. (2026) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-026-01301-0 · Cited by 1
A threatened masculinity? The role of status threats and anger in misogynistic engagement
Renström, E. A., & Bäck, H. (2026) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302261426263 · Cited by 1
Masculinity Norms and Their Economic Implications
Matavelli, I., Grosjean, P. A., Haas, R. D., & Baranov, V. (2026) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-051624-065932 · Cited by 1
Brewer, M. D., & Stonecash, J. M. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190239817.003.0005 · Cited by 1
How Low Can You(r Power) Go? It Depends on Whether You are Male or Female
Fontaine, A. S. M., & Vorauer, J. D. (2018) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0927-3 · Cited by 2
Accelerometers as a Methodological Tool in Group Processes Research
Munsch, C. L., & Zack, E. S. (2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0882-614520180000035002 · Cited by 1
Gender and Adolescent Development across Cultures
Qu, Y., Zhang, S., Kalindi, S. C., Yang, B., & Wang, Q. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.010 · Cited by 1
Sex and Gender in Psychopathology
Lefler, E. K., & Hartung, C. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.043 · Cited by 1
Ledzińska, M. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial01 · Cited by 1
Mechanizmy psychologiczne i społeczne warunkujące formułowanie ocen oraz podejmowanie działań
Huflejt-Łukasik, M., & Pluta, A. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553 · Cited by 2
Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Rumeli, Y., & Şahin, M. N. (2022) · Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.7816/nesne-10-23-07 · Cited by 1
Krook, M. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088460.003.0013 · Cited by 1
Culture of Honor and COVID-19: Regional Mitigation Efforts in the United States During the Pandemic
Baughman, K. R. (2023) · Medical Research Archives · doi:10.18103/mra.v11i7.2.4176 · Cited by 1
Kagisha, L. U., Uhawenimana, T. C., Mugarura, J., Safari, J., & Kanazayire, C. (2024) · Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/rjmhs.v7i1.4 · Cited by 1
Renström, E. A., & Bäck, H. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009408165.003 · Cited by 1
The Role of Stereotypes in Consumer Behavior
Yang, L. W., & Fitzsimons, G. J. (2010) · Cited by 1
Mills, J. P. (2019) · The Psychologist-Manager Journal · doi:10.1037/mgr0000083 · Cited by 1
Halpern, D. F., Flores-Mendoza, C. E., & Rindermann, H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.014 · Cited by 2
Data Collection and Documentation Challenges
Krook, M. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190088460.003.0018 · Cited by 1
Mansell, J. (2020) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12856 · Cited by 2
The Power of Perspective. Discrimination Against Men
Véber, V. (2021) · Elpis Filozófiatudományi Folyóirat · doi:10.54310/elpis.2021.1.5
Race, ethnicity, and exclusion in group identity
Burnaford, R. M. (2012) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1
Self-citationEffects of Gender and Aggression Type on Perceptions of Aggressive Behavior at Work
Way, J. D. (2015) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1
Defining Care and Masculinity: Beyond Gender Emotion Stereotypes
Dicicco, E. C. (2013) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0327-7 · Cited by 1
Men don't care for caring : fundamental goals and men's interest in HEED roles.
Block, K. (2015) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0165761 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Gender Threat on Implicit Sexism and Stereotyping
Speegle, S. (2016) · University of North Florida Digital Commons (University of North Florida) · Cited by 1
Acebes-Sánchez, J. (2019) · doi:10.20868/upm.thesis.57777 · Cited by 1
Vink, M. (2020) · doi:10.33540/275 · Cited by 1
The Fear of Femininity: How Men's Motivation to Maintain Manhood Status Influences Performance
Everly, B. A. (2013) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Emotional Disclosure: Rethinking the Ways Masculinity Impacts the Willingness to be Vulnerable
Fyfe, A. C. (2021) · doi:10.46569/20.500.12680/5t34sr341 · Cited by 1
Manhood in Cultures of Honor and Paternity Uncertainty
Gül, P., Sojoudi, S., & Kupfer, T. R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85493-5_2050-1 · Cited by 1
Differential Reactions to Men's and Women's Counterproductive Work Behavior
Way, J. D. (2011) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1
Michniewicz, K. S. (2015) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Understanding the role of stereotype consistency in college athletes' judgments about teammates
Burns, M. S. (2015) · Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University)
Könsidentitetshot och tonåringars intresse för könsstereotypa yrken och fritidsaktiviteter
Wenger, E.-P., & Svärd, P. (2011) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
Manlighet Under Hot: Kommer män att ändra beteende under maskulinitetshot?
Lopar, L., & Lithander, M. P. G. (2011) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
Weaver, J. R. (2014) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Self-citationFowler, S. L. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Hawkinson, K. E. (2010) · Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University)
Victor, R. (2013)
Becoming a Man: Contemporary Experiences of Achieving Manhood
Klath, C. J. (2014) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)
Are Gender Roles Fixed or Malleable?: An Implicit Theory Relevant to “Having It All”
Howland, L., & Kray, L. J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-09469-0_10
Malinowska, E. (2021) · Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri eBooks · doi:10.47943/lib.9788363487553.rozdzial09
The Impact of Fatherhood on Men's Earnings in Canada
Aravena, F. (2015) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-4017
Mescher, K. (2014) · doi:10.7282/t3n0157k
Goodnight, B. L. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/8497776
McAndrew, F. T. (2015) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/1474704915598490
Feminism and the Study of Masculinity: Unlikely Bedfellows?
Bosson, J. K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32141-7_6
Self-citationThreatened Men Compensate by Disavowing Feminine Preferences and Embracing Masculine Attributes
Cheryan, S., Cameron, J. S., Katagiri, Z., & Monin, B. (2015)
Challenges and Opportunities in Intercultural Friendship
Weishut, D. J. N. (2012)
Stories of resistance : women moving away from intimate partner violence.
Crichton-Hill, Y. (2016) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/3968 · Cited by 1
Antecedents and Manifestations of Sexism
Pietrzak, J. (2013) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-27222-5_3
The Masculinity-Aggression Link: Increasing Aggressive Behavior through Priming Masculinity
Bay, C. P. (2017) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Exploring the Distress of Striving for Independence and Autonomy: The 'Lone Wolf'Experience
Bouzianis, P. (2014) · City Research Online (City University London)
Influential media: insight into the college male's perspective on masculinity
Kuettel, V., & Planert, K. (2011) · Minds at UW (University of Wisconsin)
The role of prototypicality threat in men's evaluations of transgender women
Jaurique, A. (2019)
The Relationship Between Aggression, Rumination and Self-Esteem in Third-Level Students
Hamilton, K. (2019) · NORMA
A MIXED METHODS STUDY OF COMMUNICATION AMONG TEN MEN MEMBERS AND COMMUNITY MEN
Ryan, V. (2020) · Digital Commons - URI (University of Rhode Island) · doi:10.23860/diss-ryan-valerie-2020
Occupational Health Psychology and Women in Asian Contexts
Siu, O. L., Wang, H., & Pagon, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.027
Metadata
- Authors
- Bosson, J. K., Vandello, J. A., Burnaford, R. M., Weaver, J. R., & Arzu Wasti, S.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- Sabanci University
- Corresponding author
- Bosson, Jennifer K.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-02-06
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 623-634
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2078247707
- Cited by
- 493
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 32.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Sabanci University (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Keywords
- manhood, gender threat, physical aggression, gender status, masculinity, boxing, punch force, anxiety, cultural scripts
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Agonistic Behavior, Anxiety, Arousal, Choice Behavior, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Motivation, Social Dominance, Social Values, Stereotyping, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review