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A Collective Fear of the Collective: Implications for Selves and Theories of Selves
Abstract
Drawing on recent analyses of the self in many cultures, the authors suggest that the cultural ideal of independence of the self from the collective has dominated European-American social psychological theorizing. As a consequence, the existence of considerable interdependence between the self and the collective has been relatively neglected in current conceptual analysis. The authors (a) argue that a group's cultural ideal of the relation between the self and the collective is pervasive because it is rooted in institutions, practices, and scripts, not just in ideas and values; (b) show how a given cultural ideal whether it is independence or interdependence, can shape the individual's experience and expression of the self; and (c) discuss how a comparative approach may enrich and expand current theory and research on the interdependence between the self and the collective.
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Citations
Cites
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
Self-citationThe totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history.
Greenwald, A. G. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.7.603 · Cited by 1,942
Cited by
A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications for Work
Schwartz, S. H. (1999) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1999.tb00047.x · Cited by 3,102
The Contours of Positive Human Health
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1 · Cited by 2,658
Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?
Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.766 · Cited by 2,247
Self-citationKitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1245 · Cited by 1,581
Self-citationThe shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms
Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Triandis, H. C. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.482 · Cited by 1,282
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Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., & Morris, M. L. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.791 · Cited by 1,092
The Cultural Psychology of Personality
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1998) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022198291004 · Cited by 684
Self-citationEstrada, M., Woodcock, A., Hernandez, P. R., & Schultz, P. W. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020743 · Cited by 546
Mere Belonging: The Power of Social Connections
Walton, G. M., Cohen, G. L., Cwir, D., & Spencer, S. J. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025731 · Cited by 543
Does Choice Mean Freedom and Well-Being?
Markus, H. R., & Schwartz, B. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/651242 · Cited by 381
Self-citationA Meta-Analytic Review of Social Identification and Health in Organizational Contexts
Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Schuh, S. C., Jetten, J., & van Dick, R. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316656701 · Cited by 311
Chiu, M. M., & Klassen, R. M. (2010) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.11.002 · Cited by 202
Hogg, M. A. (2010) · Handbook of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002031 · Cited by 138
Identity Education: A Conceptual Framework for Educational Researchers and Practitioners
SCHACHTER, E. P., & RICH, Y. (2011) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.614509 · Cited by 112
Group status and perceptions of homogeneity
Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1998) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779843000045 · Cited by 105
Bianchi, E. C. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000114 · Cited by 98
Express Your Social Self: Cultural Differences in Choice of Brand-Name Versus Generic Products
Kim, H. S., & Drolet, A. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209348641 · Cited by 48
Effects of Self-Criticism and Its Relationship with Depression across Cultures
Yamaguchi, A., & Kim, M.-S. (2013) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v5n1p1 · Cited by 22
“However, this assertion has been recently called into question by cultural psychologists (Markus & Kitayama, 1991, 1994), and by the cross-cultural investigation of self-criticism on depression.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1994-10
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 568-579
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2122843573
- Cited by
- 664
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 18.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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