Cited by 393Social and Intergroup PsychologyCultural Differences and ValuesPsychology of Social Influence

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Situational Salience and Cultural Differences in the Correspondence Bias and Actor-Observer Bias

Open access

Choi, Incheol, Nisbett, Richard E.·1998·Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Two studies examined the correspondence bias in attitude attributions of Koreans and Americans. Study I employed the classic attitude attribution paradigm of Jones and Harris and found that both Korean and American participants displayed the correspondence bias in the no-choice condition. This lack of difference might have been due to weak salience of the situational constraints. Study 2 was designed to make the situational constraints of the no-choice condition salient in two ways: (a) by asking participants to write an essay on a topic regardless of their genuine attitude toward the topic or (b) by also making it clear to participants that the essay by the target person was almost a copy of the arguments provided by the experimenter. The results showed that (a) American attributions were unaffected by the two salience manipulations, whereas Koreans' correspondence bias decreased with increasing salience of the constraints, and (b) Koreans were less susceptible to the actor observer bias.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/0146167298249003

Cites

41 of 41 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
Back-translation for cross-cultural research.
Brislin, R. W. (1970) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910457000100301 · Cited by 14,091
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317
Self-citation
Journal of personality and social psychology
Armstrong, J. (1988) · International Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1016/0169-2070(88)90126-4 · Cited by 10,544
Behavioral Study of obedience.
Milgram, S. (1963) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0040525 · Cited by 4,918
Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior
JONES, E. E. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,760
From acts to dispositions the attribution process in person perception
Jones, E. E., & Davis, K. E. (1965) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60107-0 · Cited by 3,424
Cognitive consequences of forced compliance.
Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041593 · Cited by 2,945
Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment.
Connolly, T., Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. D. (1981) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392481 · Cited by 2,690
Self-citation

Show all 41 references

Research works printed but not linked: 15

Choi, I., 1992, A cross-cultural replication of the Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) study
Choi, I., 1998, Implicit theories and causal attribution East and West
Fiske, S. T., 1991, Social cognition
10.1037/0003-066X.34.2.107 · DOI
Krull, D. S., 1996, The fundamental attribution error: Correspondence bias in independent and interdependent cultures
10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.219 · DOI
Masuda, T., 1998, Correspondence bias in Japan
10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.961 · DOI
Morris, M. W., 1993, Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary debate
Nakamura, H., 1985, Ways of thinking of Eastern peoples
Needham, J., 1962, Science and civilization in China: VoL 4. Physics and physical technology
Newton, E., 1988, Actual versus estimated impact of persona and situation in determining pro-social behavior
Norenzayan, A., 1998, Social inference east and west
Peng, K., Proceedings of conference on culture and science
10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.142 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 301–393 of 393

Cross-Cultural Differences in Perceived Control Effectiveness: The Role of Cognition
Du, M., Wong‐On‐Wing, B., & Yang, D. (2022) · Behavioral Research in Accounting · doi:10.2308/bria-2020-057 · Cited by 1
Interaction Between Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Factors
Koizumi, M., & Mouton, D. G. (2023) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110778939 · Cited by 1
School Children’s and Adolescents’ Tolerance to Contradictions
Pnevmatikos, D., & Papadopoulou, E. (2012) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6091-837-7_7 · Cited by 1
Better Safe than Sorry: Situational Correction in Interpersonal Competition
Li, Y.-M., Murata, K., & Li, S. (2010) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2010.28.4.465 · Cited by 1
Culture, Cognition, and Parenthood in Japanese and American Homes
Yasumoto, S. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/1397828 · Cited by 1
Development and Effectiveness of a Community-based Intervention Program for Elderly Women in Malaysia
Noor, N. M., Alwi, A., & Iqbal, M. I. M. (2016) · The Journal of Behavioral Science · doi:10.14456/ijbs.2016.8 · Cited by 1
The subordinate's side of the story: The practice of contextual components in constructive criticism
Ge, J., Ye-zhuang, T., & Zhang, X. (2016) · Learning Culture and Social Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.lcsi.2016.04.002 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Diversity in Western and Eastern Thinking
Viale, R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24743-9_14 · Cited by 1
Explanation, Cognitive Psychology of
Krull, D. S., & Anderson, C. A. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/01589-8 · Cited by 1
Culture within: An exploration of the effects of social class and region on the self and cognitive habits
Varnum, M. E. W. (2011) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
Cultural Variations in the Self and Underlying Neural Mechanisms: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation.
Park, J. (2012) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
Lotus Pond, Bicultural Ripples: The Psychological Orientations of Korean-Canadian Practitioners of Buddhism
Choi, G. S. (2014) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-3678 · Cited by 1
Beyond 'Passion Versus Reason': Identifying Person and Feature Attributes that Predict Deontological and Consequentialist Moral Judgment
Robinson, J. S. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
XCWG: Overconfidence Across CulturesPreprint
Moore, D. A., Dev, A. S., & Goncharova, E. Y. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rhnxc · Cited by 1
Coherent Attributions with Co-occurring and Interacting Causes
Jennings, K. E. (2010) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Cultural Differences in Everyday Causal Reasoning: Evidence that Westerners are Logical Isolaters whereas Easterners are Analogical ModelersPreprint
Gilbert, E. A. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2463524 · Cited by 1
Unpacking cultural orientations: representations of the person and the self
Owe, E. (2013) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 1
Moral Luck
Kvalnes, Ø. (2026) · Second Chances · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-25890-8_3
Lifespan development: a social-cultural perspective
Ashman, O. (2006) · Murdoch University Research Portal
Tracking the temporal dynamics of cultural perceptual diversity in visual information processing
Lao, J. (2014) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow)
Socio-Cultural Construction of the Self: Effects of Voluntary Settlement, Public Self-Presentation, and Cultural Norms for Public Behavior.
Park, H. (2007) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Actor‐Observer Bias
Koenig, A. M. (2013) · The Encyclopedia of Cross‐Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp008
Cultural Differences in Causal Attribution
Krull, D. S., & Morris, M. W. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/0470018860.s00508
自由意志信念に関する実証研究のこれまでとこれから：哲学理論と実験哲学、社会心理学からの知見
匠, 渡., 紘史, 太., & かおり, 唐. (2015) · 社会心理学研究 · doi:10.14966/jssp.31.1_56
Rosetta phase II: measuring and interpreting cultural differences in cognition. Final report
Klein, H. A., Lin, M., Peng, K., Bhal, K. T., Radford, M., Choi, I., Noor, N. M., Khalid, H. M., & Chan, D. K. (2008)
Self-citation
Individualismo-colectivismo: Dos aspectos conceptuais às questões de avaliação
Ciochină, L., & Faria, L. (2012) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.513
Enhancement and suppression of correspondence inference in attitude attribution: Focusing on the effect of first person pronouns and instructions for accurate judgment
Kakuno, M., & Ura, M. (2008) · THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.2130/jjesp.47.105
Audience Perception of Synonyms from the Pulpit: A Case among Six Church Ancillary Groups in Madina
Soku, D., & Adekunle, M. O. (2015)
Segmentation of Color Images Using Multi-FART Network
Dou, Y., & Guobing, M. (2007) · ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD) · doi:10.1109/snpd.2007.474
Predictors of Emotional Adjustment and Posttraumatic Growth Following Bereavement in the United States and China
Tao, C. Y. (2014)
Preventing Financial Reporting Fraud: A Holistic View of the Attributions Made Following Potential Fraudulent Financial Reporting Events
Negangard, E. M. (2014) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Biases in Creativity Assessment: How the Social Setting Influences Observer's Perceptions of Team and Individual Creativity
Kay, M. B. (2013) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
O paradigma de atribuição de atitudes
Hagá, S. (2013) · Laboratório de Psicologia · doi:10.14417/lp.680
Implicit Cultures: Towards a Psychosocial Theory of ‘Intuitive Religious Beliefs’
McVicar, T. J. (2011) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16993138.v1
Comparisons of Chinese and European American college students on individual differences variables hypothesized to predict self-reported interpersonal competency.
Zhou, S. (2008) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
MOOD AND SOCIAL JUDGMENTS: THE INFLUENCE OF AFFECT ON AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN THE CORRESPONDENCE BIAS
Mienaltowski, A. (2004)
Culture, Public Appearances, and Threat Perception in Competitions
Lee, K. C. (2013) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
AN ANALYSIS OF OLYMPIC SUCCESS IN U. S. AND CHINA
Mei, H. (2009)
Analysis of Self- Verifi cation Motives
English, T., & Chen, S. (2008)
Gains and losses in the eyes of the beholder: a comparative study of foreign policy decision making under risk
Yang, Y. E. (2006) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries)
A Celebrity's Multiple Product Endorsements: A Poison or An Antidote?
Cha, T., Lee, S., & 전승우 (2008) · Journal of Consumption Culture · doi:10.17053/jcc.2008.11.4.009
Alleviating Negative Spillover of a Brand-Harm Crisis: Sensegiving vs. Sensehiding in a Competitor’s Denial Response Strategy
Fang, Y. (2016) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
Wie das Selbst das Denken formt - Der Einfluss von Selbstwissen auf die Informationsverarbeitung im sozialen Kontext
Schubert, B. (2002) · DepositOnce · doi:10.14279/depositonce-589
An Update on “Does Culture Always Matter”: For Creativity, Yes, for Deductive Reasoning, No!
Niu, W., Braha, S., & Zhang, J. X. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139941969.018
HEILIGER ZORN IM „PARADIES“?
Bender, A. (2009) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666531897.296
Differential Effects of the Cultural Orientation Dispositions on Global Precedence
주미정, Lee, J., & Shin, H. (2012) · 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 · doi:10.22172/cogbio.2012.24.1.003
In the World or in the Head: External and Internal Implicit Theories of
Paletza, C. F., Pengb, K., & Lic, S. (2011)
The role of affective information in context on the judgment of facial expression: in what situations are North Americans influenced by contextual information?
Ito, K. (2010) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3xp51
Chinese Western Cultural Relations: A Critical Analysis
Akanda, M. A. R. (2017) · Sino-US English Teaching · doi:10.17265/1539-8072/2017.10.005
Trust or not: the role of self-construal in the perceptions of trustworthiness toward salesclerks
Guo, W. (2012) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
A filosofia analítica do Direito é etnograficamente limitada?
Júnior, V. M. B. (2018) · Revista Direito GV · doi:10.1590/2317-6172201803
Lay Judgment for Self-defense Claim: Effects of Individualism and Collectivism
성유리, & Park, K. (2012) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2012.26.3.001
Culture and Decision: Cross-Cultural Similarities and Variations in Resource Allocation between European Canadians and East Asians
Li, L. M. W. (2015) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3ws8hr8t
Methodological Errors in Attitude Attribution Paradigm and Their Possible Consequences in Fundamental Attribution Error and Correspondence Bias: Biased Response and Reduced Confidence in Attitude Judgments
김태익, & 박선웅 (2018) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2018.32.4.003
The Effects of the Social Distance by Media Types and Self-Construal on CSR Participation Intention
구자경, & 김희진 (2018) · Journal of Public Relations · doi:10.15814/jpr.2018.22.6.75
The Language and Culture Debate
Shaules, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0587-4_8
Effort Provision in a Game of Luck
Arnestad, M. N., Eriksen, K. W., Kvaløy, O., & Laurila, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637339
A Cross-Cultural Study on the Cognitive Traits That Affect Hindsight Bias —Focusing on Holistic-Analytic Thinking and ConservatismPreprint
Jung, H. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qg56v
An Investigation of the Influence of Attributional Complexity, Intolerance, Optimism, and Experiential Avoidance on Personal Psychological Distress
Ergüder, L. (2020) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1707413
Teaching about Cultural Differences in the Correspondence Bias
Koenig, A. M., & Dean, K. K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316996706.020
New Instruments for Popular Understandings of Democracy
Lü, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197570401.003.0002
Crisis of Democracy and Democratic Conceptions
Lu, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197570401.003.0001
Conclusions
Lu, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197570401.003.0007
Origins of Varying Understandings of Democracy
Lu, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197570401.003.0004
Democratic Assessment Colored by Understandings of Democracy
Lu, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197570401.003.0005
Political Participation and Varying Understandings of Democracy
Lu, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197570401.003.0006 · Cited by 1
Varying Understandings of Democracy in the Contemporary World
Lu, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197570401.003.0003
Literatur
(2009) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666531897.395
A kiterjedt elme hipotézis és lehetséges elágazásai
Herczegh, M. (2019) · doi:10.14232/phd.10318
References
(2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802407-2.00019-8
Heiliger Zorn im „Paradies“?
Bender, A. (2009) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666531897.297
LITERATUR
(2009) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666531897.394
Interview
Nuttavuthisit, K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6142-5_5
Explaining the Unexplained: Situational Differences in Fundamental Attribution Error
Dong, P. (2022) · International Journal of Social Science Research · doi:10.5296/ijssr.v10i2.19927
Marital quality improves self‐ and partner‐reported psychopathy among Chinese couples: A longitudinal study
He, Q., Tong, W., Yu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12841
Chapter 2 High sense of agency versus low sense of agency in event framing in Japanese
Sato, M., Niikuni, K., & Schafer, A. J. (2023) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110778939-002
Beyond Individualism: Interdependent Motives Underlying Internal Attributions of OthersPreprint
Espinosa, N., & Salvador, C. E. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zxbtc
Copyright Page
Lü, J., & Chu, Y. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197570401.002.0003
Notes
Lü, J., & Chu, Y. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197570401.002.0006
Culture and the Dying Experience
Eyetsemitan, F. E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86817-7_4
Trust and Interpersonal Communication in the Provider-Patient Relationship
DiMatteo, M. R., Martin, L. R., & Haskard‐Zolnierek, K. B. (2025) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197778586.003.0004
The cultural context of performance appraisal : evaluating the effects of raters' cultural values on performance ratings using a policy capturing approach
Mishra, V. (2012) · doi:10.54014/cd5y-s64n
Me?! Never! Social Distance as a Moderator of Other Contextual Factors on Responses to Ethical Scenarios
Amaral, N. B. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.70050
Immanent Trust in a Close Relationship
Choi, S.-C., & Han, G. Q. (2007) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-60752-632-220251007
The Fundamental Attribution Error is not FundamentalPreprint
Castagnetti, A., & Potters, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5636063
Who Defends and Who Stands By?
Nickerson, A. B., Jenkins, L. N., & Fredrick, S. S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12370-1_3
Valeurs et choix vocationnel chez les jeunes : déterminants de l’évolution des valeurs chez des élèves du collège et lycée
Mpouki, B. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b72ce6aaz547cz4daaz99dcz87396425ab20
Coping with Burnout Across Cultures
Dedhia, A. M., Das, M., & Shah, M. (2026) · Contributions to management science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-16348-6_6
Inferring Goals and Traits from Behaviors: The Role of Culture, Self-Construal, and Thinking StylePreprint
Ökten, I. O., & Günsoy, C. (2020) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Beyond Individualism: Interdependent Motives Underlying Internal Attributions of OthersPreprint
Espinosa, N. M., & Salvador, C. E. (2026) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zxbtc_v3
Relational Reasoning Across Cultures: Consistency and Variation in South Korea, the United States, and China
Carstensen, A., Kim, M., Choi, Y., & Walker, C. M. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16081406
İlkokul Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Yargı Süreçleri: Hayat Bilgisi Dersi Bağlamında Temel Yükleme Hatasının İncelenmesi
ÇAKIR, O. (2026) · Ege Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.12984/egeefd.1845274
Cultural differences in ad information processing: The influence of analytic versus holistic thinking.
(7996610), B. L. (2025) · Figshare

Authors: Choi, I., & Nisbett, R. E.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Choi, Incheol
ORCID: Choi, Incheol
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-09
Volume: 24
Issue: 9
Pages: 949-960
ISSN: 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
1552-7433
DOI: 10.1177/0146167298249003
OpenAlex: W2085108029
Cited by: 392
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 42.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
Keywords: correspondence bias, actor-observer bias, cultural differences, attitude attribution, Korean Americans, situational constraints, essay writing

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Situational Salience and Cultural Differences in the Correspondence Bias and Actor-Observer Bias

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks