The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychological well-being in mid to late life: The role of generativity development and parent–child relationships across the lifespan
Abstract
This study examined the association between generativity and psychological well-being for a subsample of 1882 mid- to late-life parents using the MIDUS data set. Guided by Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, we tested a structural model of psychological well-being that also included direct and indirect effects (via generativity) of remembered pre-adult relationships with parents and current parental experiences with offspring on well-being. Respondents who recalled positive, trusting relationships with parents in childhood reported more positive parental experiences with their adult offspring and better psychological well-being. Current parental experiences had both indirect and direct effects on well-being too, but generativity had the strongest direct effects. Thus, it appears that the achievement of generativity plays a substantial role in well-being in mid- and late life. Findings also reveal that the impact of generativity on well-being is stronger for females than males. Implications for intervention with older adults, such as promoting volunteer work, are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Empirical work motivated by Erikson's theory has confirmed that generativity is associated with psychological well-being in middle and older adulthood (e.g., An & Cooney, 2006)”
From Thwarted Belonging and Perceived Burdensomeness During Middle and Older Adulthood: The Role of Generativity (2024) · cites this paper as An & Cooney, 2006
Citations
Cites
Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem0902_5 · Cited by 16,280
(1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 15,136
Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being.
Ryff, C. D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069 · Cited by 14,847
Erikson, E. H. (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.18614668 · Cited by 13,081
Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 · Cited by 12,910
The structure of psychological well-being revisited.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.719 · Cited by 10,285
A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83 · Cited by 9,406
Yu, S. M. (1998) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1023/a:1021801927353 · Cited by 3,876
Offer, D. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740230123023 · Cited by 3,872
Perry, J. B., & Erikson, E. H. (1965) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/349827 · Cited by 3,847
The Contours of Positive Human Health
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1 · Cited by 2,658
Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis
John, C. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,120
Psychopathology and early experience: A reappraisal of retrospective reports.
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Gotlib, I. H. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.82 · Cited by 1,495
Who Cares? Toward an Integrated Theory of Volunteer Work
Wilson, J., & Musick, M. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657355 · Cited by 1,409
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Katz, D. (1965) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0021466 · Cited by 1,407
McAdams, D. P., & de St. Aubin, E. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.62.6.1003 · Cited by 1,339
Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey
KESSLER, R. C., DAVIS, C. G., & KENDLER, K. S. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797005588 · Cited by 1,298
Reading and understanding more multivariate statistics
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-5067 · Cited by 1,127
How healthy are we?: a national study of well-being at midlife
Brim, O. G., Ryff, C. D., & Kessler, R. C. (2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-6842 · Cited by 1,028
Generativity among young, midlife, and older adults
McAdams, D. P., de St. Aubin, E., & Logan, R. L. (1993) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.8.2.221 · Cited by 614 · cited 3×
“75) – three items concerning feelings of duty to help others in need (McAdams et al., 1993); and 4 Societal contributions (α = .”
BackgroundIntergenerational transmission of harsh parenting
Simons, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., Conger, R. D., & Wu, C.-I. (1991) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.27.1.159 · Cited by 441
Parental 'Affectionless Control' as an Antecedent to Adult Depression: A Risk Factor Delineated
Parker, G. (1983) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790080038005 · Cited by 408
How Fathers Care for the Next Generation
Snarey, J. (1993) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674365995 · Cited by 373
Linked Lives: The Intergenerational Transmission of Antisocial Behavior
Thornberry, T. P., Freeman-Gallant, A., Lizotte, A. J., Krohn, M. D., & Smith, C. A. (2003) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1022574208366 · Cited by 358
Generativity and adult development: How and why we care for the next generation.
(1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10288-000 · Cited by 355
Does Fatherhood Matter for Men?
Eggebeen, D. J., & Knoester, C. (2001) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00381.x · Cited by 351
Caring and Doing for Others: Social Responsibility in the Domains of Family, Work, and Community
Wellin, C., & Rossi, A. S. (2003) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/3089830 · Cited by 327
Latent Variable Models: An Introduction to Factor, Path, and Structural Analysis
Barrett, P. T. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00239-1 · Cited by 322
Emotional Support From Parents Early in Life, Aging, and Health.
Shaw, B. A., KRAUSE, N. M., Chatters, L. M., Connell, C. M., & Ingersoll‐Dayton, B. (2004) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.4 · Cited by 292
Belsky, J., Jaffee, S. R., Sligo, J., Woodward, L., & Silva, P. A. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00852.x · Cited by 282
Stability of attachment representations: The transition to marriage.
Crowell, J. A., Treboux, D., & Waters, E. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.38.4.467 · Cited by 257
National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS), 1995-1996
Brim, O. G., Baltes, P. B., Bumpass, L. L., Cleary, P. D., Featherman, D. L., Hazzard, W. R., Kessler, R. C., Lachman, M. E., Markus, H. R., Marmot, M. G., et al. (1999) · ICPSR Data Holdings · doi:10.3886/icpsr02760 · Cited by 243
Generativity in Midlife and Young Adults: Links to Agency, Communion, and Subjective Well-Being
Ackerman, S., Zuroff, D. C., & Moskowitz, D. S. (2000) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/9f51-lr6t-jhrj-2qw6 · Cited by 218
Generativity in adult lives: Social structural contours and quality of life consequences.
Keyes, C. L. M., & Ryff, C. D. (1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10288-007 · Cited by 217
Beyond Parental Status: Psychological Well‐Being in Middle and Old Age
Koropeckyj‐Cox, T. (2002) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00957.x · Cited by 182
Parent-Child Relations Throughout Life
Dunham, R. M., Pillemer, K. A., & McCartney, K. (1992) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353082 · Cited by 171
Robins, L. N., Schoenberg, S. P., Holmes, S. J., Ratcliff, K. S., Benham, A., & Works, J. (1985) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1985.tb03419.x · Cited by 163
Aubin, E. D. S., & McAdams, D. P. (1995) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/bf02251258 · Cited by 156
Sorell, G. T., & Montgomery, M. J. (2001) · Identity · doi:10.1207/s1532706xid0102_01 · Cited by 145
Experience and Well-being: Explorations on Domains of Life and How they Matter
Ryff, C. D., & Heidrich, S. M. (1997) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/016502597385289 · Cited by 142
Patterns of Intergenerational Exchange and Mental Health
Davey, A., & Eggebeen, D. J. (1998) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/53b.2.p86 · Cited by 128
Grossbaum, M. F., & Bates, G. W. (2002) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250042000654 · Cited by 128
Generativity and Social Involvement among African Americans and White Adults
Hart, H. M., McAdams, D. P., Hirsch, B. J., & Bauer, J. J. (2001) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2318 · Cited by 126
Franz, C. E., McClelland, D. C., & Weinberger, J. L. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.586 · Cited by 119
Middle Aging in Women: Patterns of Personality Change from the 30s to the 50s
Stewart, A. J., Ostrove, J. M., & Helson, R. (2001) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1023/a:1026445704288 · Cited by 110
Parent-child Relations Throughout Life
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203772423 · Cited by 101
Intergenerational continuity of parental rejection and depressed affect.
Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., Simons, R. L., Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., & Huck, S. M. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.6.1036 · Cited by 100
The parental experience in midlife
Ryff, C. D., & Seltzer, M. M. (1996) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 87
Dimensions of Time and the Family
Hagestad, G. O. (1986) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/000276486029006004 · Cited by 85
Luecken, L. J. (2000) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00151-3 · Cited by 80
Kruk, E. (1992) · Family Court Review · doi:10.1111/j.174-1617.1992.tb01270.x · Cited by 56
Developmental roots of adult social responsibility.
Rossi, A. S. (2001) · Cited by 51
Christiansen, S. L., & Palkovitz, R. (1998) · The Journal of Men s Studies · doi:10.3149/jms.0701.133 · Cited by 47
Childhood relationships, adult coping resources and depression
Richman, J. A., & Flaherty, J. A. (1986) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(86)90119-x · Cited by 47
McKeering, H. M., & Pakenham, K. I. (2000) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1007115415819 · Cited by 43
Fulfilling Lives: Paths to Maturity and Success.
Magolda, M. B. B., & Heath, D. H. (1992) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.2307/1982163 · Cited by 37
Beyond the Call of Duty: Older Volunteers Committed to Children and Families
Kuehne, V. S., & Sears, H. A. (1993) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/073346489301200402 · Cited by 34
Competence and Character Through Life
Hong, Y. (1999) · Contemporary Psychology · Cited by 25
Competence and character through life
Colby, A., James, J. B., & Hart, D. A. (1998) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 22
Perceived Benefits of Intergenerational Tutoring
Kinnevy, S. C., & Morrow-Howell, N. L. (2000) · Gerontology & Geriatrics Education · doi:10.1300/j021v20n02_02 · Cited by 20
Guralnick (1998) · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(1998)102
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Arbuckle, J.L., 1999, Amos 4.0 user's guide
- 10.1037/0012-1649.38.4.467 · DOI
- Markus, H.R., 2004, How healthy are we? A national study of well-being at midlife, 273
- 10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719 · DOI · Paper page
- Umberson, D., 1996, The parental experience in midlife, 493
- US Census Bureau, 2004, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Selected Age Groups for the United States and States
- 10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.1036 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia
Ryff, C. D. (2014) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000353263 · Cited by 2,976
Midlife as a pivotal period in the life course
Lachman, M. E., Teshale, S. M., & Agrigoroaei, S. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025414533223 · Cited by 470
Fave, A. D., Brdar, I., Wissing, M. P., de Araújo, U. F., Solano, A. C., Freire, T., Pozo, M. D. R. H., Jose, P. E., Martos, T., Nafstad, H. E., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00030 · Cited by 385
Costin, V., & Vignoles, V. L. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000225 · Cited by 375
Does Psychological Well-Being Change with Age?
Springer, K., Pudrovska, T., & Hauser, R. (2011) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.05.008 · Cited by 188
Metadata
- Authors
- An, J. S., & Cooney, T. M.
- Affiliations
- Seoul Cyber University (KR)
- University of Missouri (US)
- ORCID
- Cooney, Teresa M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Behavioral Development
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 410-421
- ISSN
- 0165-0254 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0651
- OpenAlex
- W2125415852
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Behavioral Development (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- generativity, psychological well-being, parent-child relationship, Erikson's psychosocial development, midlife crisis, intergenerational relations, gender differences, volunteering, older adults
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review