Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia

Ryff, Carol D.

doi:10.1159/000353263

Cited by 2,976Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionAging and Gerontology ResearchHealth, psychology, and well-being

Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia

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Ryff, Carol D.·2014·Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics

DOI 10.1159/000353263PMC PMC4241300

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Abstract

This article reviews research and interventions that have grown up around a model of psychological well-being generated more than two decades ago to address neglected aspects of positive functioning such as purposeful engagement in life, realization of personal talents and capacities, and enlightened self-knowledge. The conceptual origins of this formulation are revisited and scientific products emerging from 6 thematic areas are examined: (1) how well-being changes across adult development and later life; (2) what are the personality correlates of well-being; (3) how well-being is linked with experiences in family life; (4) how well-being relates to work and other community activities; (5) what are the connections between well-being and health, including biological risk factors, and (6) via clinical and intervention studies, how psychological well-being can be promoted for ever-greater segments of society. Together, these topics illustrate flourishing interest across diverse scientific disciplines in understanding adults as striving, meaning-making, proactive organisms who are actively negotiating the challenges of life. A take-home message is that increasing evidence supports the health protective features of psychological well-being in reducing risk for disease and promoting length of life. A recurrent and increasingly important theme is resilience - the capacity to maintain or regain well-being in the face of adversity. Implications for future research and practice are considered.

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Without intervention, well-being tends to remain stable.
“although well-being levels are generally stable in the absence of interventions, there is increasing evidence that the different domains of well-being are malleable and can be effectively increased as a result of interventions (Diener & Ryan, 2009; Diener, Suh, Lucas & Smith, 1999; Ryff, 2014).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Ryff, 2014
In Clinical and Intervention Studies (page unavailable), Ryff reports significant improvement with well-being therapy but no significant change in a clinical-management comparison group. That supports stability in this particular comparison, not the broader claim that well-being generally remains stable in the absence of interventions; clinical management is not necessarily no intervention. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Patients with a variety of mental disorders who were judged to have remitted on symptomatic grounds still presented with impairment in psychological well-being compared to healthy control subjects.
“Patients with a variety of mental disorders who were judged to have remitted on symptomatic grounds still presented with impairment in psychological well-being compared to healthy control subjects 5,6 .”
From The pursuit of euthymia (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
The Clinical and Intervention Studies section reports significantly lower psychological well-being in patients whose mood, anxiety, panic, or agoraphobia disorders had remitted, supporting the claim that symptomatic recovery can leave well-being impaired. It does not identify healthy control subjects as the comparator for those remitted patients; its explicit comparison with controls concerns schizophrenia. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
There is extensive evidence that positive affects and well-being represent protective factors for health and increase resistance to stressful life situations.
“There is, in fact, extensive evidence that positive affects and well-being represent protective factors for health and increase resistance to stressful life situations 6,32,[36][37][38] .”
From The pursuit of euthymia (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
The Health and Biological Research section (page unavailable) describes growing evidence that eudaimonic well-being has protective health associations, including better biological regulation in contexts of risk. It does not establish that positive affect independently protects health or that well-being increases resistance to stressful life situations; it notes that hedonic well-being showed minimal linkage to biomarkers in one study. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
PPs are based on the hypothesis that it is possible to treat depression not only by focusing on decreasing negative symptoms, but also by directly and primarily building positive emotions and promoting psychological strengths and a meaningful life.
“These PPs (Well-being Therapy; Quality of Life therapy; Positive Psychotherapy, and Strengths based Counseling) are based on the hypothesis that it is possible to treat depression not only by focusing on decreasing the negative symptoms, but also by directly and primarily building positive emotions and promoting psychological strengths and a meaningful life [27, 31].”
From Protocol for a randomized controlled dismantling study of an internet-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Exploring the contribution of behavioral activation and positive psychotherapy strategies (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
An increasing number of randomized controlled trials show that purpose in life can be raised.
“An increasing number of randomized controlled trials show that purpose in life can be raised.”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
The Clinical and Intervention Studies section (page unavailable) reports that participants in a three-month meditation retreat had increased purpose in life compared with a wait-list control group. It also describes gains in well-being from other interventions, but does not establish that an increasing number of randomized controlled trials have specifically shown increases in purpose in life. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

A growing body of findings from longitudinal epidemiological studies shows that purpose predicts reduced morbidity (including reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, stroke, and myocardial infarction) and extended longevity.
“A growing body of findings from longitudinal epidemiological studies show that purpose predicts reduced morbidity (e.g., reduced risk of Alzheimer ' s disease and mild cognitive impairment, as well as reduced risk of stroke and myocardial infarction) and extended longevity (10, 16 -21).”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
The Health and Biological Research section reports that higher purpose in life predicted lower risks of Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, stroke, and mortality. It also reports lower myocardial-infarction risk, but that finding was specifically among people with coronary heart disease—a qualifier the citing sentence omits. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Ryff reviewed over a dozen psychiatric intervention studies that used various techniques to enhance facets of psychological well-being.
“Ryff (10) reviewed over a dozen psychiatric intervention studies that have used various techniques (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, meditation, emotional disclosure) to enhance facets of psychological well-being.”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
The Clinical and Intervention Studies section reviews varied interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy and meditation, and reports gains in facets of psychological well-being. It also discusses emotional disclosure and additional studies in a separate paragraph explicitly describing nonclinical samples. The section therefore supports the range of techniques, but not the characterization of over a dozen studies as psychiatric interventions. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Interventions can effectively raise the various domains of well-being, which are malleable.
“although well-being levels are generally stable in the absence of interventions, there is increasing evidence that the different domains of well-being are malleable and can be effectively increased as a result of interventions (Diener & Ryan, 2009; Diener, Suh, Lucas & Smith, 1999; Ryff, 2014).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Ryff, 2014
Several promising interventions have shown that purpose, along with other facets of psychological well-being, can be improved for greater segments of the population.
“Several promising interventions have shown that purpose, along with other facets of psychological well-being, can be improved for greater segments of the population (10, 51).”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
The benefits of purpose are broad, impacting several areas of the body and mind that are relevant to health.
“The links between higher purpose and enhanced physical, biological, and neural health suggest that the benefits of purpose are broad, impacting several areas of the body and mind that are relevant to health [see Ryff (10) and Roepke, et al. (20) for recent reviews on this topic].”
From Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services (2014) · cites this paper as Ryff (10)
The conviction that one is the author of one's own actions is often cited as a feature of psychological well-being.
“The conviction that one is the author of one’s own actions is often cited as a feature of psychological well-being [72–74].”
From Five studies evaluating the impact on mental health and mood of recalling, reading, and discussing fiction (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
Higher levels of psychological well-being are associated with better physical health.
“Higher levels of psychological well-being are associated with better physical health [15] and buffer against future disorders [16, 65], suggesting that people with higher levels are potentially more resilient [66, 67].”
From Can We Increase Psychological Well-Being? The Effects of Interventions on Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [15]

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Helping Others Shows Differential Benefits on Health and Well-being for Male and Female Teens
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[67]Joshanloo M Rastegar P The big five personality traits and self esteem as predictors of eudaimonic well-being Journal of Iraian Psychologists 2007 4 13 24
[82]Marks NF Bumpass LL Jun H Brim OG Ryff CD Kessler RC Family roles and well-being during the middle life course How healthy are we?: A national study of well-being at midlife 2004 Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press 514 549
[113]Srimathi NL Kiran Kumar SK Psychological well being of employed women across different organisations Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology 2010 36 89 95
[118]Carr D Brim OG Ryff CD Kessler RC Psychological well-being across three cohorts: A response to shifting work-family opportunities and expectations? 2004 How healthy are we?: A national study of well-being at midlife Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press 452 484

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“Cronbach’s alpha reliability = 0.88 [55].”
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Articolo Target. Psychological well-being and health: Past, present and future
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ПСИХОЛОГІЧНЕ БЛАГОПОЛУЧЧЯ ЯК СКЛАДОВА ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО ЗДОРОВ’Я ЛЮДИНИ: ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ТА ЕМПІРИЧНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ В ЗАКОРДОННІЙ ПСИХОЛОГІЇ
Коваленко, В. С. (2017) · Odesa National University Herald Psychology

Authors: Ryff, C. D.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author: Ryff, Carol D.
ORCID: Ryff, Carol D.
Venue: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Published: 2013-11-19
Volume: 83
Issue: 1
Pages: 10-28
ISSN: 0033-3190 (ISSN-L)
1423-0348
DOI: 10.1159/000353263
PMC: PMC4241300
OpenAlex: W2077192309
Cited by: 2,976
References: 221
Citations by year: 2026: 313 · 2025: 332 · 2024: 336 · 2023: 340 · 2022: 342 · 2021: 297 · 2020: 317 · 2019: 210 · 2018: 150 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 3
FWCI: 8.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: karger.com/pages/terms-and-conditions (vor)
karger.com/pages/terms-and-conditions (tdm)
Locations: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R37AG027343, P01AG020166)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
Keywords: psychological well-being, eudaimonia, meaning-making, resilience, adult development, family life, biological risk factors, well-being promotion, intervention
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Aging, Mental Disorders, Family, Health Status, Humans, Human Development, Mental Health, Models, Psychological, Personal Satisfaction, Personality, Philosophy, Psychological Theory, Self Concept, Workload, Personal Autonomy, Biomedical Research, Resilience, Psychological

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Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia

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