Cited by 1,159Sinusitis and nasal conditionsOtolaryngology and Infectious DiseasesAntibiotic Use and Resistance

Clinical Practice Guideline (Update): Adult Sinusitis

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Rosenfeld, Richard M., Piccirillo, Jay F., Chandrasekhar, Sujana S., Brook, Itzhak, Ashok Kumar, Kaparaboyna, Kramper, Maggie, Orlandi, Richard R., Palmer, James N. +4 more·2015·Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery

Abstract

Objective: This update of a 2007 guideline from the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation provides evidence‐based recommendations to manage adult rhinosinusitis, defined as symptomatic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. Changes from the prior guideline include a consumer added to the update group, evidence from 42 new systematic reviews, enhanced information on patient education and counseling, a new algorithm to clarify action statement relationships, expanded opportunities for watchful waiting (without antibiotic therapy) as initial therapy of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS), and 3 new recommendations for managing chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Purpose: The purpose of this multidisciplinary guideline is to identify quality improvement opportunities in managing adult rhinosinusitis and to create explicit and actionable recommendations to implement these opportunities in clinical practice. Specifically, the goals are to improve diagnostic accuracy for adult rhinosinusitis, promote appropriate use of ancillary tests to confirm diagnosis and guide management, and promote judicious use of systemic and topical therapy, which includes radiography, nasal endoscopy, computed tomography, and testing for allergy and immune function. Emphasis was also placed on identifying multiple chronic conditions that would modify management of rhinosinusitis, including asthma, cystic fibrosis, immunocompromised state, and ciliary dyskinesia. Action statements: The update group made strong recommendations that clinicians (1) should distinguish presumed ABRS from acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) caused by viral upper respiratory infections and noninfectious conditions and (2) should confirm a clinical diagnosis of CRS with objective documentation of sinonasal inflammation, which may be accomplished using anterior rhinoscopy, nasal endoscopy, or computed tomography. The update group made recommendations that clinicians (1) should either offer watchful waiting (without antibiotics) or prescribe initial antibiotic therapy for adults with uncomplicated ABRS; (2) should prescribe amoxicillin with or without clavulanate as first‐line therapy for 5 to 10 days (if a decision is made to treat ABRS with an antibiotic); (3) should reassess the patient to confirm ABRS, exclude other causes of illness, and detect complications if the patient worsens or fails to improve with the initial management option by 7 days after diagnosis or worsens during the initial management; (4) should distinguish CRS and recurrent ARS from isolated episodes of ABRS and other causes of sinonasal symptoms; (5) should assess the patient with CRS or recurrent ARS for multiple chronic conditions that would modify management, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, immunocompromised state, and ciliary dyskinesia; (6) should confirm the presence or absence of nasal polyps in a patient with CRS; and (7) should recommend saline nasal irrigation, topical intranasal corticosteroids, or both for symptom relief of CRS. The update group stated as options that clinicians may (1) recommend analgesics, topical intranasal steroids, and/or nasal saline irrigation for symptomatic relief of viral rhinosinusitis; (2) recommend analgesics, topical intranasal steroids, and/or nasal saline irrigation) for symptomatic relief of ABRS; and (3) obtain testing for allergy and immune function in evaluating a patient with CRS or recurrent ARS. The update group made recommendations that clinicians (1) should not obtain radiographic imaging for patients who meet diagnostic criteria for ARS, unless a complication or alternative diagnosis is suspected, and (2) should not prescribe topical or systemic antifungal therapy for patients with CRS.

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Crossref · 10.1177/0194599815572097

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301 of 301 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • ARS is defined as sudden onset of sinonasal symptoms with sinonasal inflammation lasting less than 4 weeks.

    “ARS is defined as the sudden onset of sinonasal symptoms with associated sinonasal inflammation that lasts less than 4 weeks.1,137,138,266,267”

    From International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (2018) · cites this paper as [137]

    The Introduction (p. 2) classifies ARS as lasting less than 4 weeks, supporting the duration. The guideline’s definition (p. 9) specifies purulent nasal drainage accompanied by nasal obstruction or facial pain-pressure-fullness; it does not define ARS by sudden onset or by associated sinonasal inflammation alone. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Fever is not included in other ARS guidelines due to its low specificity and sensitivity.

    “Fever is not included in other guidelines, due to its low specificity and sensitivity.137”

    From International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (2018) · cites this paper as [137]

    In “Transition from Viral to Bacterial Infection” (p. 10), the guideline says fever has about 50% sensitivity and specificity for ABRS and explains that it therefore did not include fever as a cardinal diagnostic sign. The same section says other guidelines do use high fever in criteria for severe presentations, so this source does not support the broader claim that fever is omitted from other guidelines generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • RARS is defined as at least 4 episodes of ARS per year, with disease-free intervals between episodes.

    “RARS is defined as at least 4 episodes of ARS per year, with disease-free intervals between episodes.1,137,138,266,268”

    From International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (2018) · cites this paper as [137]

    The Introduction (p. 2) describes recurrent ARS as four or more annual episodes of rhinosinusitis without persistent symptoms between them. The Recurrent Acute Rhinosinusitis section (p. 21) specifies a narrower diagnostic requirement: each episode must meet the criteria for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS), not merely ARS. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Development of acute, moderate to severe symptoms and nasal purulence may be consistent with ARS or RARS rather than AR.

    “The development of acute, moderate to severe symptoms, and nasal purulence may be consistent with ARS or RARS rather than AR.1,137,138”

    From International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (2018) · cites this paper as [137]

    The guideline defines ARS by acute purulent nasal drainage accompanied by nasal obstruction or facial pain-pressure-fullness (Cardinal Symptoms of Acute Rhinosinusitis, p. 6). It defines RARS by four or more qualifying bacterial episodes per year (Recurrent Acute Rhinosinusitis, p. 21), so one episode of acute symptoms does not establish RARS. The cited passages do not establish moderate-to-severe symptoms as a distinguishing feature or directly compare this presentation with allergic rhinitis. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Moderate to severe facial pain and/or fever are atypical for isolated AR and may indicate ARS or acute exacerbation of CRS, differentiated by duration and chronicity.

    “Moderate to severe facial pain and/or fever would also be atypical for isolated AR and may indicate the presence of an episode of ARS or an acute exacerbation of CRS, differentiated by duration and chronicity of symptoms.1,137,138”

    From International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (2018) · cites this paper as [137]

    The Introduction (p. 2) distinguishes ARS from CRS by duration and notes that CRS can have acute exacerbations; the CRS section (p. 20) lists fever and describes episodic infections. The Cardinal Symptoms section (p. 6) includes facial pain in ARS, but requires accompanying purulent nasal drainage. The guideline does not state that moderate-to-severe facial pain or fever is atypical of isolated allergic rhinitis, so that part is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

8 retracted

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Research works printed but not linked: 12

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Authors
Rosenfeld, R. M., Piccirillo, J. F., Chandrasekhar, S. S., Brook, I., Ashok Kumar, K., Kramper, M., Orlandi, R. R., Palmer, J. N., Patel, Z. M., Peters, A., Walsh, S. A., & Corrigan, M. D.
Affiliations
  • SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (US)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • New York Otology New York Head and Neck Institute New York New York USA
  • Georgetown University (US)
  • Department of Family Medicine University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA
  • University of Utah (US)
  • Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • Emory University (US)
  • Northwestern University (US)
  • Consumers United for Evidence‐Based Healthcare Davis California USA
  • American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery (US)
Corresponding author
Rosenfeld, Richard M.
Venue
Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2015-04
Volume
152
Issue
S2
Pages
S1-S39
ISSN
  • 0161-6439 (ISSN-L)
  • 0194-5998
  • 1097-6817
OpenAlex
W2149116105
Cited by
1,159
References
301
Citations by year
2026: 35 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 116 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 91 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 21
FWCI
90.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Otolaryngology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Sinusitis and nasal conditions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Otolaryngology and Infectious Diseases
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
Keywords
sinusitis, acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, expectant management, antibiotic therapy, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, nasal endoscopy, computed tomography, anterior rhinoscopy, viral upper respiratory tract infection, asthma, cystic fibrosis, immunocompromised patients, ciliary dyskinesia, patient education, quality improvement, diagnostic accuracy
MeSH terms
Academies and Institutes, Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Humans, Otolaryngology, Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Societies, Medical, United States, Watchful Waiting

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