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Depression in Patients with Tinnitus: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Tinnitus is a condition that causes distress and impairment across cognitive, functional, and psychiatric spectra. In the psychiatric realm, tinnitus has long been associated with depression. To better characterize the co‐occurrence of depression and tinnitus, we performed a systematic review of the prevalence of depression among patients with tinnitus. Data Sources: We comprehensively examined original studies reporting the prevalence of depression in adult populations with tinnitus, as indexed in the PubMed and Web of Science databases and published from January 2006 to August 2016. Review Methods: All identified articles were reviewed independently by 2 researchers, with a third reviewer for adjudication. Included studies were evaluated for threats to validity across 3 domains—representativeness, response rate, and ascertainment of outcome—on a 4‐point modified Newcastle‐Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results: Twenty‐eight studies were included, representing 15 countries and 9979 patients with tinnitus. Among the included studies, the median prevalence of depression was 33%, with an interquartile range of 19% to 49% and an overall range of 6% to 84%. Studies were high quality overall, with a mean score of 3.3 (SD = 0.76), and 89% utilized a validated tool to ascertain depression. Conclusions: We conducted one of the largest contemporary comprehensive reviews, which suggests a 33% prevalence of depression among patients with tinnitus. Our review reaffirms that a substantial proportion of patients with tinnitus have depression, and we recommend that all who treat tinnitus should screen and treat their patients for depression, if present.
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“Similarly, Salazar et al. reported decreased tinnitus severity in patients undergoing psychiatric treatment for PTSD, indicating that trauma-focused care may yield ancillary benefits for tinnitus symptoms [54].”
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“Bothersome tinnitus is associated with adverse effects like sleep disturbances [4], impaired cognitive functioning [5], and anxiety and depression [6,7].”
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“Tinnitus is often accompanied by the symptoms of depression (in up to 33% of cases) (13) and anxiety (in up to 32% of patients) (14), and their relationship with tinnitus seems to be bidirectional.”
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BackgroundPost-Mortem Analysis of Neuropathological Changes in Human Tinnitus
Almasabi, F., Alosaimi, F., Corrales-Terrón, M., Wolters, A., Strikwerda, D., Smit, J. V., Temel, Y., Janssen, M., & Jahanshahi, A. (2022) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci12081024 · Cited by 8
“The comorbidity scores of anxiety disorders and depression are quite high in tinnitus patients (approximately 45% and 33%, respectively) [59,60].”
BackgroundTinnitus and Metacognitive Beliefs—Results of a Cross-Sectional Observational Study
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COVID-19 and tinnitus: an initiative to improve tinnitus care
Mui, B., Leong, N., Keil, B., Domingo, D., Dafny, H. A., Manchaiah, V. K. C., Gopinath, B., Muzaffar, J., Chen, J., Bidargaddi, N. P., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992027.2022.2104175 · Cited by 10
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“These results are consistent with previous research reporting associations between anxiety, depression, hyperacusis, and tinnitus, although different measurement instruments were used in the present study compared to those in Salazar et al. (2019) and Aazh and Moore (2017).”
Verbist, B., Connor, S., & Farina, D. (2025) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-024-11316-z · Cited by 6
“A systematic review showed a median prevalence of depression of 33% among almost 10,000 tinnitus patients [3], and it may even lead to suicide [1].”
Tinnitus update: what can be done for the ringing?
Tsang, B. K.-T., Collins, G., Anderson, S. R., & Westcott, M. (2024) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.16414 · Cited by 8
The blinking eye as a window into tinnitus: A new animal model of tinnitus in the macaque.
Rogenmoser, L., Kuśmierek, P., Archakov, D., & Rauschecker, J. (2022) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2022.108517 · Cited by 6
Beukes, E. W., Maidment, D. W., Andersson, G., Fagleson, M. A., Heffernan, E., & Manchaiah, V. K. C. (2021) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106159 · Cited by 6
Investigating tinnitus subgroups based on hearing‐related difficulties
Beukes, E. W., Baguley, D., Manchaiah, V. K. C., Andersson, G., Allen, P. M., Kaldo, V., Jacquemin, L., Lourenco, M. P. C. G., Onozuka, J., Stockdale, D., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14684 · Cited by 4
“Note: Clusters represent (1) tinnitus- only; (2) tinnitus, hearing loss, hyperacusis and/or misophonia; and (3) tinnitus and hearing loss only.”
BackgroundSchlee, W., Simoes, J., Neff, P., & Pryss, R. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10184201 · Cited by 6
“Tinnitus patients often perceive their tinnitus as stressful, intrusive and annoying and a considerable subgroup develops insomnia, attentional and psychological problems such as anxiety or depression as a consequence of the ongoing tinnitus perception [6,7].”
BackgroundA population-based case–control study of the association between cervical spondylosis and tinnitus
Cheng, Y.-F., Xirasagar, S., Yang, T.-H., Wu, C., Kuo, N.-W., & Lin, H. (2020) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992027.2020.1817996 · Cited by 6
Can Residual Inhibition Predict the Success of Sound Enrichment Treatment for Tinnitus?
Sendesen, E., & Turkyilmaz, D. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70083 · Cited by 5
“Tinnitus can result in significant problems such as insomnia (Schecklmann et al. 2015), depression (Salazar et al. 2019), and cognitive issues (Clarke et al. 2020,Gürses et al. 2018).”
BackgroundHan, S.-Y., & Kim, Y. H. (2024) · Clinical Otolaryngology · doi:10.1111/coa.14203 · Cited by 5
“Since subjective tinnitus accounts for the highest proportion of tinnitus [7], and tinnitus has a significant association with mental health and cognitive function [8, 9], identifying the cause and treating it are important.”
Cognitive–behavioral factors in tinnitus-related insomnia
Barry, G., & Marks, E. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.983130 · Cited by 6
“A systematic review of the co-occurrence of depression and tinnitus suggested a 33% prevalence of depression among people who suffer from tinnitus (Salazar et al., 2019).”
BackgroundIncreased Risk of Major Depressive Disorder Following Tinnitus: A Population-Based Study
Lin, H., Xirasagar, S., Wang, C., Cheng, Y., & Yang, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.836842 · Cited by 6
“Previous literature has shown an association between tinnitus and depression, but these studies either had small samples or were not population-based samples, impeding generalization of findings to the population level (3).”
ResultBeukes, E. W., Andersson, G., & Manchaiah, V. K. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.771646 · Cited by 6
Cassiers, L. L. M., Eede, F. V. D., Schruers, K. R. J., Gilles, A., Rompaey, V. V., & Sabbe, B. (2024) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000542066 · Cited by 3
“Another factor that may affect HPA-axis activity in chronic tinnitus is psychiatric comorbidity given that tinnitus is associated with a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety [22, 23].”
Imaging of Pulsatile Tinnitus.
Alkhatib, S., Kandregula, S., Flesher, K., Choudhri, O., Brant, J. A., & Mohan, S. (2024) · Radiographics · doi:10.1148/rg.240030 · Cited by 4
A Prospective Self-Report Survey-Based Cohort Study on Factors That Have an Influence on Tinnitus
Devos, J. V. P., Janssen, M., Janssen, A. M. L., Hellingman, C., & Smit, J. V. (2024) · Audiology Research · doi:10.3390/audiolres14050074 · Cited by 4
Li, K.-S., & Liu, Y.-H. (2024) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0000000000004196 · Cited by 6
Patel, N., Malicka, A. N., McGinnity, S., Anderson, R. B., Paolini, A. G., & Crosland, P. (2021) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000001112 · Cited by 5
“Studies have shown an association between the presence of tinnitus and lower health-related quality-oflife (Nondahl et al. 2007), presence of depressive symptoms (Salazar et al. 2019), insomnia (Crönlein et al. 2007), and increased prevalence of mental health problems (Pinto et al. 2014).”
BackgroundOtologic Injuries Secondary to Explosive Attack
Demiray, E., Aydoğan, H., Cavlak, M., Akçan, R., Balseven-Odabaşi, A., & Tumer, A. (2021) · Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1007/s12070-021-02384-4 · Cited by 4
Sırma, E., Dedeoğlu, S., Toprak, S. F., & Dönmezdil, S. (2026) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s589644 · Cited by 3
“5 These findings align with contemporary neurobiological models of tinnitus, which implicate overlapping neural networks involved in auditory processing, emotional regulation, and cognitive control.”
Dai, C.-H., Ma, S., Ding, H.-Y., Qiu, X.-Y., Yang, Z.-H., Gong, S., Wang, G.-P., Lv, H., Wang, Z.-C., & Zhao, P.-F. (2025) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2025.112475 · Cited by 3
Beukes, E. W., Andersson, G., & Manchaiah, V. K. C. (2024) · Audiology Research · doi:10.3390/audiolres14050068 · Cited by 3
“There is, for instance, a bi-directional relationship between experiencing bothersome tinnitus as well as stress, anxiety, and depression [10–12].”
BackgroundNoninvasive Treatment of Venous Pulsatile Tinnitus with an Internal Jugular Vein Compression Collar
Succop, B. S., Thompson, N. J., Dedmon, M. M., Gelinne, A., Selleck, A., Reed, S., & Sindelar, M. B. D. (2024) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.31326 · Cited by 3
Schoisswohl, S., Langguth, B., Weber, F. C., Abdelnaim, M. A., Hebel, T., & Schecklmann, M. (2023) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-022-03036-y · Cited by 3
de Feijter, M., Oosterloo, B., Goedegebure, A., & Luik, A. (2022) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000001320 · Cited by 3
“Tinnitus has previously been associated with poor sleep in clinical (Salazar et al. 2019) and population-based samples (Wallhäusser-Franke et al.”
BackgroundComay, Y., Zvenigorodsky, V., Borodetsky, V., Star, M., Ben-Zion, J., Shelef, I., & Horev, A. (2020) · Ear, nose, & throat journal · doi:10.1177/0145561320946155 · Cited by 3
Tinnitus — durchaus ein Fall für Psychiater und Neurologen
Stattrop, U., & Goebel, G. (2019) · DNP - Der Neurologe und Psychiater · doi:10.1007/s15202-019-2275-8 · Cited by 2
Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Zhao, C., Xue, R., Hu, C., & Guo, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1647071 · Cited by 2
Development and Psychometric Validation of Tinnitus Qualities and Impact Questionnaire
Manchaiah, V. K. C., Andersson, G., Beukes, E. W., Fagelson, M. A., Swanepoel, D. W., Heffernan, E., & Maidment, D. W. (2025) · Clinics and Practice · doi:10.3390/clinpract15050087 · Cited by 1
“In addition, given that tinnitus severity has been shown to be associated with anxiety, depression, and general HRQoL [34], it was also predicted that the TQIQ would have at least moderate, positive correlations with GAD-7, PHQ-9, and ISI, and a moderate, negative correlation with EQ-5D-5L VAS.”
Geronimo-Hara, T. R., Belding, J. N., Warner, S. G., Trone, D. W., & Rull, R. P. (2025) · American Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1044/2025_aja-24-00198 · Cited by 2
Söylemez, E., Apaydın, A. S., Aydoğan, Z., Şen, N. H., Yaşar, M., & Argadal, Ö. G. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70429 · Cited by 2
“Salazar et al. (2019) found that 33% of tinnitus patients experience depression, highlighting the crucial need to evaluate the quality of life in these individuals.”
Fuchten, D., Smit, A. L., & Stegeman, I. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1376826 · Cited by 2
“Based on two systematic reviews on tinnitus and depression (8, 9), seven validated, multi-item, self-report questionnaires are included.”
BackgroundResults of two cross-sectional database analyses regarding nap-induced modulations of tinnitus
Guillard, R., Schecklmann, M., Simoes, J., Langguth, B., Londero, A., Congedo, M., Michiels, S., Vesala, M., Goedhart, H., Wetter, T., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-70871-z · Cited by 2
“Moreover, a significant difference in the percentage of time aware of the tinnitus percept, head or neck injury as initial causes of onset of tinnitus and hearing loss were only found in the Tinnitus Hub survey database although, again, the trend pointed in the same direction in the TRI database.”
Meijers, S. M., de Ruijter, J. H. J., Stokroos, R. J., Smit, A. L., & Stegeman, I. (2024) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000001538 · Cited by 1
“Is the presence of tinnitus related to having feelings of anxiety, depression, stress, or sleeping problems as seen in the adult population (Trevis et al. 2018; Salazar et al. 2019; Meijers et al. 2022)?”
BackgroundJørgensen, M., Hyvärinen, P., Caporali, S., & Dau, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1212558 · Cited by 2
The positive side of living with tinnitus: a cross-sectional study
Loughlin, J., Das, V., Manchaiah, V. K. C., Beukes, E. W., Andersson, G., & Shekhawat, G. S. (2023) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992027.2023.2185756 · Cited by 3
“Patients with major depressive disorder or generalised anxiety disorder are up to 3 times as likely to report tinnitus (Salazar et al. 2019).”
Clinical Practice Guideline: Tinnitus Update
Adams, M. E., Cramer, J. D., Tunkel, D. E., Lee, V. S., Bourgeois, J. A., Eshraghi, A. A., Fagelson, M. A., White, K. B., Juliano, A. F. T., Kim, H., et al. (2026) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1002/ohn.70417 · Cited by 1
Weber, F. C., Engelke, M., Kerkel, K., & Langguth, B. (2026) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2026.112679 · Cited by 1
“A systematic review focussing on clinical samples reported a median depression rate of 33% among patients with tinnitus (9).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Salazar, J. W., Meisel, K., Smith, E. R., Quiggle, A., McCoy, D. B., & Amans, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Amans, Matthew R.
- Venue
- Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-03-26
- Volume
- 161
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28-35
- ISSN
- 0161-6439 (ISSN-L)
- 0194-5998
- 1097-6817
- PMC
- PMC7721477
- OpenAlex
- W2924425350
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 2.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Otolaryngology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R21DC016087)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
- Keywords
- tinnitus, depression, depression prevalence, comorbidities, psychiatric comorbidity, depression screening, depression treatment
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Humans, Tinnitus, Prevalence
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