Identifying and prioritizing critical factors for promoting the implementation and usage of big data in healthcare
Abstract
Big data is expected to provide many benefits to healthcare organizations through cost reduction, disease prediction, and patient care improvement. Big data in healthcare at a nascent stage faces many challenges in satisfying expectations. This study investigates factors for promoting the implementation and usage of big data in healthcare in Korea, using an analytical hierarchy process (AHP). We established a research framework that considers four domains and 15 factors. We collected data by a survey of experts engaged in big data and healthcare IT. The results show that data and organization have greater impacts than technology and support domains. Organizational analytics capability, data quality, data privacy and security, organizational application capability, data standardization, and data experts are the most important factors for promoting the implementation and usage of big data in healthcare. The study presents the implications in terms of the policies and ecosystem for countries, including Korea, which intend to activate big data in healthcare.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Data Science is critical in monitoring patients' health and informing essential measures to avoid potential illnesses.
“Data Science is critical in monitoring patients' health and informing essential measures to be made to avoid potential illnesses from occurring.”
From Medical 4.0 technologies for healthcare: Features, capabilities, and applications (2022) · cites this paper as [147]
Cites
How to Make a Decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process
Saaty, T. L. (1990) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/0377-2217(90)90057-i · Cited by 9,605 · see citing works
Business intelligence and analytics: from big data to big impact
Chen, H., Chiang, R. H. L., & Storey, V. C. (2012) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41703503 · Cited by 6,250 · see citing works
Fundamentals of Decision Making and Priority Theory With the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Saaty, T. L. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,649 · see citing works
Models, Methods, Concepts & Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process
Saaty, T. L., & Vargas, L. G. (2012) · International Series in Operations Research & Management Science · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3597-6 · Cited by 2,210 · see citing works
Data quality management, data usage experience and acquisition intention of big data analytics
Kwon, O., Lee, N., & Shin, B. (2014) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2014.02.002 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Krumholz, H. M. (2014) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0053 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
The 'big data' revolution in healthcare: Accelerating value and innovation
Groves, P., Kayyali, B., Knott, D., & Kuiken, S. V. (2016) · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Big data’s impact on privacy, security and consumer welfare
Kshetri, N. (2014) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2014.10.002 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Promises and Challenges of Big Data Computing in Health Sciences
Huang, T., Lan, L., Fang, X., An, P., Min, J., & Wang, F. (2015) · Big Data Research · doi:10.1016/j.bdr.2015.02.002 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Emerging information technologies for enhanced healthcare
Yang, J., Li, J., Mulder, J., Wang, Y., Chen, S., Wu, H. L., Wang, Q., & Pan, H. (2015) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2015.01.012 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Health big data analytics: current perspectives, challenges and potential solutions
Kuo, M. H., Sahama, T. R., Kushniruk, A. W., Borycki, E. M., & Grunwell, D. (2014) · International Journal of Big Data Intelligence · doi:10.1504/ijbdi.2014.063835 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Identification and prioritization of critical issues for the promotion of e-learning in Pakistan
Farid, S., Ahmad, R. B., Niaz, I. A., Arif, M., Shamshirband, S., & Khattak, M. D. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.037 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Implementation and Use of an Electronic Health Record within the Indian Health Service
Sequist, T. D., Cullen, T., Hays, H., Taualii, M. M., Simon, S. R., & Bates, D. W. (2007) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1197/jamia.m2234 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
AHP in Political Group Decisions: A Study in the Art of Possibilities
Carlsson, C. P. O., & Walden, P. (1995) · INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics · doi:10.1287/inte.25.4.14 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Beyond a Technical Perspective: Understanding Big Data Capabilities in Health Care
Wang, Y., Kung, L., Ting, C., & Byrd, T. A. (2015) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2015.368 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Cultural Influence on Adoption and Use of e-Health: Evidence in Bangladesh
Hoque, M. R., & Bao, Y. (2015) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2014.0128 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Developing Public Policy To Advance The Use Of Big Data In Health Care
Heitmueller, A., Henderson, S., Warburton, W., Elmagarmid, A. K., Pentland, A., & Darzi, A. W. (2014) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0771 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Easing The Adoption And Use Of Electronic Health Records In Small Practices
Torda, P., Han, E. S., & Scholle, S. H. (2010) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0188 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Adoption and Use of Health Information Technology in Rural Areas: Results of a National Survey
Singh, R. K. P. G., Lichter, M. I., Danzo, A., Taylor, J. S., & Rosenthal, T. C. (2011) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2011.00370.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Kwon, T. H., Kwak, J. H., & Kim, K.-H. (2015) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2015.03.017 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
OECD (2013) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/9789264193307-12-en · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Big Data Analysis Framework for Healthcare and Social Sectors in Korea
Song, T.-M., & Ryu, S. (2015) · Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.4258/hir.2015.21.1.3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Big Data Analytics in Bioinformatics and Healthcare
Wang, B., Li, R., & Perrizo, W. (2015) · Advances in bioinformatics and biomedical engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-6611-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Software Tools and Techniques for Big Data Computing in Healthcare Clouds
Wang, L., Ranjan, R. K., Kołodziej, J., Zomaya, A. Y., & Alem, L. (2014) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2014.11.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Adhiarna, N., Hwang, Y. M., Park, M. J., & Rho, J. J. (2013) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.10.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Coustasse, A., Cunningham, B., Deslich, S., Willson, E., & Meadows, P. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ubiquitous Health in Korea: Progress, Barriers, and Prospects
Lee, Y., & Chang, H. (2012) · Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.4258/hir.2012.18.4.242 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Why has a Korean telecommunications technology failed: A case study on WiBro
Park, J., Kim, S., & Nam, C. (2015) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2015.01.002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kim, M.-K., Park, J., & Paik, J.-H. (2014) · ETRI Journal · doi:10.4218/etrij.14.0113.0396 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Use of big data for evidence-based healthcare
Ko, M. J., & Lim, T. (2014) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2014.57.5.413 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Braunstein, M. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17662-8_13 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Medical 4.0 technologies for healthcare: Features, capabilities, and applications
Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Pratap Singh, R., & Suman, R. (2022) · Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems · doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2022.04.001 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Leveraging big data analytics in healthcare enhancement: trends, challenges and opportunities
Rehman, A., Naz, S., & Razzak, I. (2021) · Multimedia Systems · doi:10.1007/s00530-020-00736-8 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Shahbaz, M., Gao, C., Zhai, L., Shahzad, F., & Hu, Y. (2019) · Journal Of Big Data · doi:10.1186/s40537-019-0170-y · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Theorizing artificial intelligence acceptance and digital entrepreneurship model
Upadhyay, N., Upadhyay, S., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2021) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-01-2021-0052 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Factors influencing effective use of big data: A research framework
Surbakti, F. P. S., Wang, W., Indulska, M., & Sadiq, S. W. (2019) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2019.02.001 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Sharma, M., Luthra, S., Joshi, S., & Kumar, A., V (2021) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2021.101624 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Gökalp, E., Gökalp, M. O., & Çoban, S. (2020) · Information Systems Management · doi:10.1080/10580530.2020.1812014 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
A Framework for Pandemic Prediction Using Big Data Analytics
Ahmed, I., Ahmad, M., Jeon, G., & Piccialli, F. (2021) · Big Data Research · doi:10.1016/j.bdr.2021.100190 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Business analytics adoption process: An innovation diffusion perspective
Nam, D., Lee, J., & Lee, H. (2019) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.07.017 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Factors Activating Big Data Adoption by Korean Firms
Park, J.-H., & Kim, Y. B. (2019) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2019.1631133 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
A systematic perspective on the applications of big data analytics in healthcare management
Kamble, S., Gunasekaran, A., Goswami, M., & Manda, J. (2018) · International Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1080/20479700.2018.1531606 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Pashazadeh, A., & Navimipour, N. J. (2018) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2018.03.014 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Critical Success Factors for Big Data: A Systematic Literature Review
Al-Sai, Z. A., Abdullah, R., & Husin, M. H. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3005461 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Fanelli, S., Pratici, L., Salvatore, F. P., Donelli, C. C., & Zangrandi, A. (2022) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-09-2021-0648 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Wang, J., Shahzad, F., & Ashraf, S. F. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.101970 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Sabharwal, R., & Miah, S. J. (2021) · Journal Of Big Data · doi:10.1186/s40537-021-00543-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Shahbaz, M., Gao, C., Zhai, L., Shahzad, F., & Arshad, M. R. (2020) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2020/2173765 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Adrian, C., Abdullah, R., Atan, R. B., & Jusoh, Y. Y. (2018) · International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.9781/ijimai.2018.03.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Horani, O. M., Khatibi, A., Alsoud, A. R., Tham, J., & Al‐Adwan, A. S. (2023) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc7030125 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Kim, M.-K., Park, J.-H., Oh, J.-S., Lee, W.-S., & Chung, D. (2019) · Research in Transportation Business & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100438 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Adrian, C., Abdullah, R., Atan, R. B., & Jusoh, Y. Y. (2017) · International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems · doi:10.1109/icriis.2017.8002536 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Analysis of Influencing Factors of Big Data Adoption in Chinese Enterprises Using DANP Technique
Wang, L., Yang, M., Pathan, Z. H., Salam, S., Shahzad, K., & Zeng, J. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10113956 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Factor Influencing the Adoption of Big Data Analytics: A Systematic Literature and Experts Review
Aldossari, S., Mokhtar, U. A., & Ghani, A. T. A. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231217902 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Innovation Capabilities as a Mediator between Business Analytics and Firm Performance
Alaskar, T. H. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15065522 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Factors influencing integrated information management: Spatial data infrastructure in Pakistan
Ali, A., Imran, M., Jabeen, M., Ali, Z., & Mahmood, S. A. (2021) · Information Development · doi:10.1177/02666669211048483 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Transformative role of big data through enabling capability recognition in construction
Atuahene, B. T., Kanjanabootra, S., & Gajendran, T. (2022) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446193.2022.2132523 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mahesh, D., Vijayapala, S., & Dasanayaka, S. W. S. B. (2018) · Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon) · doi:10.1109/mercon.2018.8421917 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Big data analytics in the health sector: challenges and potentials
Jovanović-Milenković, M., Vukmirovic, A., & Milenkovic, D. (2019) · Management Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies · doi:10.7595/management.fon.2019.0001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Requirement prioritization framework using case‐based reasoning: A mining‐based approach
Ali, S., Hafeez, Y., Hussain, S., Yang, S., & Jamal, M. (2021) · Expert Systems · doi:10.1111/exsy.12770 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Fuzzy Multicriteria Group Decision Making Approach for Evaluating and Selecting Fintech Projects
Wibowo, S., Grandhi, L. S., Grandhi, S., & Wells, M. (2022) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math10020225 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Big Data: Research Approaches and Future Prospects
Çobanoğlu, C., Terrah, A., Hsu, M.-J., Corte, V. D., & Gaudio, G. D. (2022) · Journal of Smart Tourism · doi:10.52255/smarttourism.2022.2.1.3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Expert Review on Big Data Analytics Implementation Model in Data-driven Decision-Making
Adrian, C., Abdullah, R., Atan, R. B., & Jusoh, Y. Y. (2018) · International Conference on Information Retrieval & Knowledge Management (CAMP) · doi:10.1109/infrkm.2018.8464770 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Assessing Big Data Capabilities in Manufacturing Supply Chains: A Pythagorean Fuzzy MAGDM Framework
Feng, X., Qiu, J., & Wei, C. (2024) · International Journal of Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1007/s40815-024-01833-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bojnordi, A. J. J., Nezhad, M. Z., Bagheri, R., Bazrafshan, M., & Sohrabi, B. (2025) · Discover Health Systems · doi:10.1007/s44250-025-00204-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Factors of Big Data Analytics in Enabling the Knowledge Management Practice
Rafhi, N. A. M., & Rahman, S. A. (2017) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i11/3526 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kadarsah, D. R. A. K., Govindaraju, R., & Prihartono, B. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3333915 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Analysis of Driving & Dependence Power of Factors Influencing Industry 4.0 Adoption in Healthcare
Bharsakade, R. S., Acharya, P., & Ganapathy, L. (2020) · International Conference on Industry 4.0 Technology (I4Tech) · doi:10.1109/i4tech48345.2020.9102646 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reviewing business analytics in healthcare management: USA and African perspectives
Okoduwa, I. O., Arowoogun, J. O., Awonuga, K. F., Ashiwaju, B. I., & Ogugua, J. O. (2024) · World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences · doi:10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.2.0047 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evaluating Challenges in Using Big Data in Healthcare
Raj, R., Daneshgar, F., & Borhan, N. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-2377-6_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Examining the Critical Success Factors in IT Projects
Radhakrishnan, A., Davis, J. S., & David, D. (2022) · International Journal of Information Technology Project Management · doi:10.4018/ijitpm.290423 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Expert Review on Big Data Analytics Quality Model in Enhancing Healthcare Organizational Performance
Nasir, W. M. H. M., Jusoh, Y. Y., Abdullah, R., & Abdullah, S. (2023) · International Conference on Information Management · doi:10.1109/icim58774.2023.00009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Big Data Adoption Factors and Development Methodologies: A Multiple Case Study Analysis
Alnafoosi, A. B., & Adelakun, O. (2023) · Transactions on computational science and computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40956-1_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Big Data Analytics for Market Intelligence
Darwish, D. A. M. (2024) · Advances in business information systems and analytics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-0413-6.ch002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Big Data-Driven Healthcare Project FinancingPreprint
Visconti, R. M. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2925790 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sabharwal, R., & Miah, S. J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-820711/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Grandhi, L. S., Wibowo, S., & Wells, M. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Computing (ICOCO) · doi:10.1109/icoco59262.2023.10398025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Big data project success factors: A systematic literature review
Jonathan, B., & Raharjo, T. (2024) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0205495 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Data Analytics Applications in Healthcare, Hospitality, Marketing, and Security
Selvanambi, R., Dhankhar, J. K., Batish, P., Soni, R., & Karuppiah, M. (2023) · Advances in business information systems and analytics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7568-3.ch001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kumar, J. N. V. R. S., Yakkala, P., Pasupuleti, S., Pagolu, P., Potharlanka, S. M. C., & Pittu, M. (2023) · International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) · doi:10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10307516 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
SAĞLIK SEKTÖRÜNDE BÜYÜK VERİ ÜZERİNE BİBLİYOMETRİK ANALİZ VE SİSTEMATİK LİTERATÜR TARAMASI
Mumcu, İ., & Ömürgönülşen, M. (2025) · Hacettepe sağlık idaresi dergisi · doi:10.61859/hacettepesid.1595652 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Content Validity Study for Big Data Analytics Implementation Model
Adrian, C., Abdullah, R., Jusoh, Y. Y., & Atan, R. B. (2019) · International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems · doi:10.1109/icriis48246.2019.9073675 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sabharwal, R., & Miah, S. J. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-694446/v1
Umsetzbarkeit der Digitalisierung in Controlling-Prozessen
Müller, F. (2021) · Quick Guide · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-35041-3_2
بيانات الرعاية الصحية وشبكات التواصل الاجتماعي: مراجعة علمية
صابر, ا. ص., عيد, أ. د. س. ع. ا., & ابراهيم, د. آ. ط. م. (2023) · مجلة کلية الآداب جامعة بني سويف · doi:10.21608/jfabsu.2023.210576.1262
Socio-technical factors influencing big data analytics adoption in healthcare
Wolseley, N. N., Salahuddin, L. B., Aboobaider, B. M., Ikram, R. R. R., Hashim, U. R., & Rahim, F. A. (2024) · International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems/International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp4745-4758
Salahuddin, L. B., Wolseley, N. N., Aboobaider, B. M., Ikram, R. R. R., Hashim, U. R., Said, M. S. M., & Hassan, N. H. (2025) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2025.2494283
Insights in the Data: Ensuring Quality in Healthcare Big Data
Sharma, S., Rao, V., Pillai, S., Pathak, P., Yadav, V., & Dhote, T. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-6046-9_23
Relevance of big and thick social media data to businesses: A systematic review
Malik, B., Yeboah, A. N., & Gakpe, B. K. (2026) · African Quarterly Social Science Review · doi:10.51867/aqssr.3.1.23
Investigating the Determinants of the Big Data Analytics Adoption with SEM and fsQCA Analysis
ÖZDER, S. I., İnce, H., İMAMOĞLU, S. Z., & Efe, M. N. (2026) · WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS · doi:10.37394/23207.2026.23.21
- Authors
- Kim, M.-K., & Park, J.-H.
- Affiliations
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Moon-Koo
- Venue
- Information Development
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-06-15
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 257-269
- ISSN
- 0266-6669 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-6469
- OpenAlex
- W2426102995
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 10.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Information Development (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Big Data Technologies and Applications
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Big Data and Business Intelligence
- Keywords
- big data in healthcare, big data implementation, health information technology, data quality, data privacy and security, data standardization, big data ecosystem, big data policy, Korea
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review