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Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal lobes in depression.
Abstract
The onset and reversibility of major depression is likely to be explained by diffuse neuromodulatory mechanisms rather than permanent abnormalities of connectivity and neurotransmission. However, the expression of mood state appears to involve fronto-striatal mechanisms. Lesions of the ventral frontal cortex give rise to profound modification of affect and behaviour not explained by effects on current intellectual function. These may represent the most extreme possible disturbances of emotional experience. Neuropsychological testing in major depression shows evidence of slowing in motor and cognitive domains with additional prominent effects on mnemonic function most marked in the elderly. Structural imaging with X-ray computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in older patients with major depression shows evidence of structural abnormality compared with controls. These findings are not highly localizing but they tend to confirm the role of cognitive impairment as an important age-related risk factor for major depression. Perfusion or metabolic imaging reflects both reversible changes in function and permanent loss of active neurones. The usual finding has been reductions in anterior brain structures in major depression. Hypoperfusion tends to be greatest in frontal, temporal and parietal areas and most extensive in older (male) patients; high Hamilton scores tend to be associated with reduced uptake. There have also been correlations in the cingulate cortex between increased perfusion and other aspects of the mental state. In general, reductions in frontal areas may be more likely in patients with impoverished mental states. The more prominent impairments of memory are likely to be associated with the finding of impaired temporal function or with a more diffuse failure of neuromodulation.
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“The impairment relative to controls grows with the difficulty of the problem; and depressed subjects also spend increasing amounts of time thinking about the harder problems, without showing improved choices [50].”
From Bonsai trees in your head: how the pavlovian system sculpts goal-directed choices by pruning decision trees (2012) · cites this paper as [50]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goodwin, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Goodwin, Guy M.
- ORCID
- Goodwin, Guy M.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-03
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 115-122
- ISSN
- 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7285
- OpenAlex
- W2141880924
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, frontal lobe, frontostriatal circuits, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, older adults, cerebral hypoperfusion, cingulate cortex, neuromodulation, structural brain abnormalities, neuropsychological assessment, neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Brain Mapping, Dementia, Depressive Disorder, Energy Metabolism, Frontal Lobe, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Regional Blood Flow, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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