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Research on Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Religious and spiritual factors are increasingly being examined in psychiatric research. Religious beliefs and practices have long been linked to hysteria, neurosis, and psychotic delusions. However, recent studies have identified another side of religion that may serve as a psychological and social resource for coping with stress. After defining the terms religion and spirituality, this paper reviews research on the relation between religion and (or) spirituality, and mental health, focusing on depression, suicide, anxiety, psychosis, and substance abuse. The results of an earlier systematic review are discussed, and more recent studies in the United States, Canada, Europe, and other countries are described. While religious beliefs and practices can represent powerful sources of comfort, hope, and meaning, they are often intricately entangled with neurotic and psychotic disorders, sometimes making it difficult to determine whether they are a resource or a liability.
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“Spirituality serves to comfort people, assuage anxiety, and increase feelings of security, also boosting confidence in oneself and/or in what Harold G. Koenig (2009) calls “Divine beings”.”
From Trauma, Spirituality, and Healing: A Journey through the Lens of an Incarcerated Person (2022) · cites this paper as Koenig (2009)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In extant literature, spirituality is shown to predict psychological well-being for adults who have experienced childhood trauma (Balgobin 2021), leading to less depression, suicide, anxiety, and substance abuse (Koenig 2009).”
From Trauma, Spirituality, and Healing: A Journey through the Lens of an Incarcerated Person (2022) · cites this paper as Koenig 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The research literature on religiosity and mental health offers two entangled empirical narratives: some studies suggest that religious beliefs can present a psychological buffer against stress and hopelessness; other studies, however, indicate an intricate link between religious beliefs and psychotic and neurotic disorders [54–56].”
From Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
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“As we see through Joseph's experience, Koenig (2009) shows that the struggles that arise from negative spiritual coping can significantly increase anxiety, wherein people feel that God is punishing them, has abandoned them, or is not able to intercede on their behalf.”
From Trauma, Spirituality, and Healing: A Journey through the Lens of an Incarcerated Person (2022) · cites this paper as Koenig (2009)
In the citing paper
“Also, religion and spirituality seem to confer resilience 112, 113.”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“Thus, religious beliefs may provide a sense of meaning and purpose during difficult life circumstances 112.”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“One of them is that religion and spirituality may stimulate a sense of life purpose 112, 115”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“Some authors33,34 attribute this finding to the influence of psychological theories, such as Sigmund Freud's35 psychoanalysis, which is known to have pathologized religious behavior.”
From How psychiatrists think about religious and spiritual beliefs in clinical practice: findings from a university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Religion/spirituality has been associated, for example, with lower rates of suicide, depression, anxiety, and substance misuse, better recovery in cases of depression and greater overall well-being.1–4”
From A preliminary survey on the religious profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients' religiosity in clinical practice (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
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Jun, W. H., Lee, E. J., & Park, J. S. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.12417 · Cited by 8
Spirituality in bedlam: Exploring professional conversations on acute psychiatric units
Suto, M., & Smith, S. M. R. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/0008417413516931 · Cited by 8
“Spirituality can be a resource for mental health recovery (Baetz & Toews, 2009; Koenig, 2009; Wilding, May, & Muir-Cochrane, 2005; Wong-McDonald, 2007) and may be of great importance to patients with mental illness (MacGillivray, Sumsion, & Wicks-Nicholls, 2006; Russinova & Cash, 2007) who may want…”
BackgroundSpiritual coping in rehabilitation–a comparative study: part 2
Baldacchino, D., Torskenæs, K. B., Kalfoss, M. H., Borg, J., Tonna, A., Debattista, C. J., Decelis, N., & Mifsud, R. (2013) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2013.22.7.402 · Cited by 8
Pilgrimage and devotion to the divine mother: mental well-being of devotees of Mata Vaishno Devi
Pandya, S. P. (2015) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2015.1112771 · Cited by 8
“The connection between devotion, pilgrimage and mental well-being proposed by findings of this study positions it within that genre of global well-being literature, which identifies religion and religiosity as protector and predictor variables (Bradshaw & Ellison, 2010; Koenig, 2009).”
BackgroundGattari, T. B., Arfken, C. L., & Morreale, M. K. (2017) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-017-0845-7 · Cited by 8
“In the latter, religious involvement is associated with positive outcomes in depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders [4].”
Jinhee, S., Park, J., Geem, Z. W., & Lee, H. (2017) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel9010003 · Cited by 11
Klausli, J. F., & Caudill, C. (2018) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2018.1458083 · Cited by 10
“The protective effects of spirituality on depression have been found across age, gender, and ethnicity (Hackney & Sanders, 2003; Koenig, 2009; McCullough & Larson, 1999).”
BackgroundDeveloping an instrument for measuring the spiritual attitude of high school students
Hudha, S. A., & Mardapi, D. (2018) · REID (Research and Evaluation in Education) · doi:10.21831/reid.v4i1.20304 · Cited by 8
“The most unclear discussion of the spiritual aspect is emphasized on the issue of the transcendental element (Koenig, 2009).”
BackgroundThe impact of religious beliefs on the health of the residents—Evidence from China
Han, J., Zhou, X., & Meng, Y.-Y. (2019) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.2962 · Cited by 8
Frøkedal, H., Sørensen, T., Ruud, T., DeMarinis, V., & Stifoss‐Hanssen, H. (2019) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1177/0084672419883345 · Cited by 8
“The benefits have been reported and demonstrated in many research studies (Bonelli & Koenig, 2013; Koenig, 2009; Koslander et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultMight Hallucinations Have Social Utility?
Kauffman, P. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000542 · Cited by 8
“…the psychologist William James wrote his classic The Varieties of Religious Experience in 1902, there has recently been an interest among some psychiatrists in religion (Koenig, 1997, 2009, 2011; Peters et al., 1999; Loewenthal, 2006; Nolan et al., 2012; Polimeni, 2012; Grover et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBerghmans, C. (2020) · HEGEL - HEpato-GastroEntérologie Libérale · doi:10.3917/heg.101.0003 · Cited by 8
Spirituality and spiritual care amongst professional nurses at public hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal
Chandramohan, S. (2014) · doi:10.51415/10321/1107 · Cited by 7
“…South Wales found that 79% patients rated spirituality as very important, 82% patients thought that their health caregiver should be aware of their spiritual beliefs and needs and 67% indicated that spirituality helped them to cope with psychological pain (D’Souza 2002 cited in Koenig 2009: 283).”
BackgroundInfluentialNiu, F., & Wang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1395996 · Cited by 9
Chen, S., Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Zeng, C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25470-1 · Cited by 7
Depression among medical students in Tunisia: Prevalence and associated factors
Amamou, B., Alouani, S., Haouala, A. B., Alouani, S., Tlili, M. A., Mhalla, A., Zaâfrane, F., & Gaha, L. (2023) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v13.i10.772 · Cited by 7
The burden of substance use and (mental) distress among asylum seekers: a cross sectional study
Solfrank, M., Nikendei, C., Zehetmair, C., Friederich, H., & Nagy, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1258140 · Cited by 11
Lim, S. A., & Jung, Y. (2024) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2024.2304708 · Cited by 7
“Religion stimulates social relationships (Idler et al., 2009), maintains older adults ’ health (Koenig, 2009), reduces depressive symptoms (Seomun, 2010), and enhances psychological well-being (Cho, 2016).”
BackgroundResultSuardana, I. W., Yusuf, A., Hargono, R., Juanamasta, I. G., Sudiantara, K., Gama, I. K., & Mustika, I. W. (2024) · Healthcare in Low-resource Settings · doi:10.4081/hls.2024.13025 · Cited by 7
Spirituality and Wellbeing: Primary teacher and school counsellor perspectives
Schwebel, S. (2017) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 7
Frey, R., Balmer, D., Robinson, J., Slark, J., McLeod, H., Gott, M., & Boyd, M. (2018) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2018.03.001 · Cited by 9
Proctor, M.-T., Cleary, M. L., Kornhaber, R. A., & McLean, L. (2018) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2018.1460228 · Cited by 7
“Emerging evidence confirms some SR beliefs, practices, and relationships buffer against the difficulties experienced by those diagnosed with trauma and psychopathology (Koenig, 2009; Rosmarin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAydın, D. (2018) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v6i12.3481 · Cited by 7
“We can say that the concept of mysticism arises as a form of intelligence from Gardner's multiple intelligence theory (Koenig, 2009: 1).”
BackgroundMagliano, L., Citarelli, G., & Affuso, G. (2020) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-020-01138-w · Cited by 7
“Research reveals that persons with MDs mostly consider religion to be helpful in dealing with their own mental health problems (Koenig 2009; Mohr et al.”
BackgroundHung, C., Wang, L., Hsu, C., Huang, Y., Lin, P., Lee, Y., Lee, I., Chou, W., & Lee, C.-T. (2021) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2021.01.021 · Cited by 7
Complex suicide by drowning and self-strangulation: An atypical “holy” way to die
Benevento, M., Mandarelli, G., Ferorelli, D., Trotta, S., Bottari, G., Caterino, C., & Solarino, B. (2021) · Forensic Science International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.fsir.2021.100190 · Cited by 7
Bowling, J., Mbugua, A., & Piperato, S. M. (2021) · Religion and Gender · doi:10.1163/18785417-bja10003 · Cited by 7
Galdós, J. S., Ausín, B., González‐Sanguino, C., Castellanos, M. Á., Salazar, M., Marín‐Martín, C., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C., & Muñoz, M. (2021) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel12090683 · Cited by 7
“…study of religion and spirituality has grown substantially in recent decades (Paloutzian and Park 2005; Weaver et al. 2006), with an increasing number of reviews and meta-analyses that describe the impact of these variables on health (Hodapp and Zwingmann 2019; Koenig 2009; Yamada et al. 2020).”
BackgroundKarim, K., & Yoenanto, N. H. (2021) · Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.24014/jp.v17i2.11034 · Cited by 9
The Relationship Between Spirituality and Psychological Wellness: A Serial Multi-Mediation Analysis
KURTULUŞ, H. Y., Meral, K., Kurtuluş, E., & KAHVECİ, H. (2022) · International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies · doi:10.52380/ijpes.2022.9.4.780 · Cited by 14
“…meaning and purpose of life and reaching one's essence (Coma, 2007); the effort to find the meaning of life, self-acceptance, acceptance of the relations between himself and others, and between himself and the universe (Koenig, 2009), one's pursuit of being the best one can do (Helminiak, 2001).”
BackgroundCharacter education in Serat Sabdajati the last R.Ng. Ranggawarsita's work
Purwadi, P., Ekowati, V. I., Meilawati, A., Hartanto, D. D., Wulan, S. H., Prastowo, G., Dwiadmojo, G. N., & Nurhidayati, N. (2022) · Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan · doi:10.21831/cp.v41i3.48760 · Cited by 7
Ahmadi, A., Heidarzadeh, A., Dehghan, M., Safarizadeh, M. H., & Forouzi, M. A. (2023) · Indian Journal of Cancer · doi:10.4103/ijc.ijc_902_20 · Cited by 7
Perceptions of spirituality in Australian undergraduate nursing students: A pre- and post-test study
López, V., Leigh, M. C., Fischer, I., Larkin, D., & ebster, S. W. (2015) · National University of Singapore · Cited by 7
Effects of Hope and Gratitude on Spirituality among Nursing Students
Jo, M.-J., & Jun, W. H. (2014) · The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education · doi:10.5977/jkasne.2014.20.4.569 · Cited by 7
Hetsroni, A., & Lowenstein-Barkai, H. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/16.07.17.pr0.112.1.303-324 · Cited by 7
Influence social and healthcare support on psychiatric adverse events in MDR-TB patient
Reviono, R., Harsini, H., Aphridasari, J., Nugroho, I. G. B. I., & Damayanti, K. E. (2018) · The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries · doi:10.3855/jidc.10352 · Cited by 7
“financial, social, physical, or mental circumstances [21].”
Irajpour, A., Moghimian, M., & Arzani, H. (2018) · Nursing and Midwifery Studies · doi:10.4103/nms.nms_83_17 · Cited by 7
“[2] These patients usually suffer from alterations in their relations and experiences,[3] and therefore, they need comprehensive care services which specially focus on their spiritual needs.[4] Yet, there are many uncertainties about spiritual care delivery, particularly about the most competent persons to deliver it,…”
BackgroundEbewore, S. O. (2020) · Open Agriculture · doi:10.1515/opag-2020-0005 · Cited by 7
“Koenig (2009) found that individuals who belonged to an association especially religious organization were less depressed and that depressed patients who engaged in religious activities were more likely to overcome their depressive symptoms than depressed patients who did not engage in these…”
BackgroundA Spirituality Mind-Body Wellness Center in a University Setting; A Pilot Service Assessment Study
Scalora, S. C., Anderson, M. R., Crete, A. A., Drapkin, J., Portnoff, L. C., Athan, A. M., & Miller, L. (2020) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel11090466 · Cited by 8
Ouwehand, E., Zock, H., & Muthert, H. (2020) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel11100527 · Cited by 7
“The prevalence of religious delusions in bipolar disorder is estimated to be 15–38% (Appelbaum et al. 1999; Koenig 2009; Grover et al. 2016).”
BackgroundChurch attendance buffers against longer-term mental distress
Ejova, A., Milojev, P., Worthington, E. L., Sibley, C. G., & Bulbulia, J. A. (2020) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2020.1831580 · Cited by 6
“uniquely religious style of personal coping that involves reinterpreting stressors in terms of religious beliefs (Koenig, 2009; Nooney & Woodrum, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialExamining Associations With Mental, Well-Being and Faith in Nurses (LIFT)
Harris, S. L., Green, J. F., Tao, H., & Robinson, P. S. (2021) · JONA The Journal of Nursing Administration · doi:10.1097/nna.0000000000000978 · Cited by 7
Pingani, L., Giberti, S., Coriani, S., Ferrari, S., Fierro, L., Mattei, G., Nasi, A. M., Pinelli, G., Wesselmann, E. D., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01195-9 · Cited by 7
“93 For example, religious beliefs often are associated with greater hope, increased sense of 94 meaning in life, higher self-esteem, optimism and life satisfaction (Koenig 2009; Koenig et 95 al. 2012).”
BackgroundRogers, M. (2021) · Advanced practice in nursing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71464-2_1 · Cited by 7
Supporting mental health nurses to meet patients’ spiritual needs
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Spirituality and spiritual care in in the context of nursing education in South Africa
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Chirico, A., Pizzolante, M., & Villani, D. (2022) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2022.2079041 · Cited by 8
“Spirituality is a broad concept and an intrinsic aspect of humanity through which a person seeks an ultimate meaning, purpose, and connection to the world around them (Koenig, 2008 Pargament, 2013;Visser, Garssen & Vingerhoets, 2017), independently of specific faith traditions (Emmons & Paloutzian, 2003).”
Reniers, P., Leontjevas, R., Slavi Stoyanov, A., Knippenberg, I. A. H., van Lankveld, J. J. D. M., & Gerritsen, D. L. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219001339 · Cited by 6
DETERMINANTES SOCIALES DE LA SALUD MENTAL. ROL DE LA RELIGIOSIDAD
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Depressive Disorders and Religious Engagement in Very Old People
Strinnholm, S., Gustafson, Y., & Niklasson, J. (2019) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721419846576 · Cited by 8
“Koenig (2009) found that religion can act as a coping resource during psychological and social stress.”
BackgroundKarakaş, S. A., Altun, Ö. Ş., Okanlı, A., Polat, H., & Olçun, Z. (2019) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2019.10.006 · Cited by 7
Damiano, R. F., Machado, L., Loch, A. A., Moreira-Almeida, A., & Machado, L. (2021) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001290 · Cited by 8
Freund, A., Fuchshuber, J., Silani, G., & Unterrainer, . (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1375850 · Cited by 8
“Religion, on the other hand, constitutes a broader context of institutions, teachings, and communities that aim to facilitate their members spirituality (2, 3).”
BackgroundRole of Spirituality in Mental Health in Nepal
Poudel, A. (2020) · JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · doi:10.31729/jnma.5110 · Cited by 5
It’s time to translate the Quranic words, Nafs & Qalb as referring to Mind & Intelligence
Husain, W. (2022) · Islamiyyat · doi:10.17576/islamiyyat-2022-4402-06 · Cited by 8
Religion and survival among European older adults
Christopoulos, K. (2023) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-023-00789-4 · Cited by 6
“Koenig (2009) offers a review on religion and mental health outcomes.”
BackgroundScience and Faith to Understand Milk Bioactivity for Infants
Sangild, P. T. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16111676 · Cited by 6
“The concept of spiritual health has a strong tradition in nursing fields and palliative care medicine, but has recently received greater focus in healthcare across the globe [79–83].”
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Mental Health Literacy and Attitudes Towards Mental Health Problems Among College Students, Nepal
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“Some religious contexts may view mental health issues as a test of faith, leading to a preference for spiritual over medical treatment [54].”
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Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la escala de espiritualidad personal en adultos puertorriqueños
González-Rivera, J. A., Rosario-Rodríguez, A., Universidad Carlos Albizu, S. J., & Pagán-Torres, O. (2018) · Interacciones Revista de Avances en Psicología · doi:10.24016/2018.v4n3.101 · Cited by 7
“…dis ntas revisiones sistemá cas han encontrado que un número significa vo de inves gaciones cien ficas sos enen que la espiritualidad de los individuos ene un impacto posi vo en la salud mental y sica de los mismos (Bonelli & Koenig, 2013; Koenig, 2009; 2012; 2015; Moreira, Lotufo, & Koenig, 2006).”
BackgroundDisappointment in God and Relational Spirituality: Moderator Effects for Meditative Prayer
Paine, D. R., & Sandage, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/0091647119870296 · Cited by 6
“, psychiatric diagnoses, substance abuse, delinquency, sexually risky behavior) (Bonelli & Koenig, 2013; Hill & Pargament, 2008; Jim et al., 2015; Karaga, Davis, Choe, & Hook, 2016; Koenig, 2009; Koenig, McCullough, & Larsen, 2001; Krause & Hayward, 2015).”
BackgroundAl-Nasa’h, M. (2020) · Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging · doi:10.1080/15528030.2020.1818160 · Cited by 6
“The two dimensions can be expressed in various spiritual models by Blazer (1991), and Koenig (2009) which described the spiritual needs which are related to the psychotherapy of older adults (Lewis, 2001).”
BackgroundLacombe, J. B., Valadares, E. D. S., Catani, R. R., Mendonça, T. M., Paro, H. B. M. D. S., & Morales, N. D. M. O. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/1981-5271v45.2-20200181.ing · Cited by 6
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Hwang, W., Cheng, K. J. G., Kim, J. H., Brown, M. T., Vasilenko, S. A., & Silverstein, M. D. (2022) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-022-09414-7 · Cited by 6
“(Koenig, 2009).”
BackgroundAmadi, K., Odinka, J., Obiechina, K. I., Ofoefuna, C., Chukwu, U. K., & Aguocha, C. M. (2023) · Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.4103/njcp.njcp_309_22 · Cited by 6
Varieties of Religious and Spiritual Struggles by Type of Mental Disorder: A Qualitative Approach
Amerongen-Meeuse, J. C. V. N., Braam, A. W., Westerbroek, G., Ouwehand, E., Anbeek, C., & Schaap‐Jonker, H. (2023) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000531027 · Cited by 6
“The presence of R/S struggles among mental health care patients may contribute to clinically signi fi cant suffering; it can have adverse effects on mental health and hamper treatment and recovery processes [7].”
BackgroundSpiritual Dimensions of Whole Person Care
GHADIRIAN, A. M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9440-0_13 · Cited by 6
Two Decades of Huntington Disease Testing: Patient's Demographics and Reproductive Choices
Krukenberg, R. C., Koller, D. L., Weaver, D. D., Dickerson, J. N., & Quaid, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1007/s10897-013-9596-0 · Cited by 6
“Increased religious involvement has been shown to correspond with better coping mechanisms, improved stress control, better quality of life, less psychological distress, and an increased feeling of stability, while decreasing the rates of depression, suicide, anxiety, and substance abuse (Koenig 2009; Puchalski 2001).”
BackgroundCasella, C., & Loch, A. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00102 · Cited by 7
Harris, J. R. A. (2016) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2015.1056926 · Cited by 6
Convergence Factors of Spirituality affecting on Spiritual wellbeing of Nursing Students
Lee, D.-Y., Park, J.-K., & Chio, A.-S. (2016) · 한국융합학회논문지 · doi:10.15207/jkcs.2016.7.5.059 · Cited by 6
Anthropocentric and theocentric spirituality as an object of psychological research
Jaworski, R. (2015) · Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration · doi:10.2478/pepsi-2015-0006 · Cited by 6
“Harold G. Koenig (2009) draws attention to the fact that it is very common to handle diffi cult situations by means of religion.”
BackgroundGratitude, Spirituality and Meaning: Their Clinical Implications
Ruini, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52112-1_8 · Cited by 6
Rainville, C. (2018) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12524 · Cited by 6
Catré, M. N. C., Ferreira, J. A., Catré, M. C., & Pereira, M. (2019) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-019-09764-7 · Cited by 5
Davidson, C. R., Turner-McGrievy, G. M., Messias, D. K. H., Friedman, D., Robillard, A., Schwiesow, J., & Warren, P. (2020) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2020.1718068 · Cited by 7
“Furthermore, reaching out to clergy and fellow believers or framing one’s distress in terms of one’s religious beliefs are common and effective means of dealing with psychiatric illness or distress (Koenig, 2009; Pargament, Koenig, Tarakeshwar, & Hahn, 2004; Warren, Van Eck, Townley, & Kloos, 2015).”
BackgroundSilva, J. P. D., Pereira, A., Monteiro, S. O. M., & Bártolo, A. (2020) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.24425/ppb.2020.132651 · Cited by 6
Tyler, K. A., & Ray, C. M. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1904955 · Cited by 6
“Specifically, studies have consistently shown that religiosity or spirituality are negatively associated with depression.(26,27) Using a sample of 430 college students from the Midwest, one study.”
BackgroundSpirituality and spiritual care in in the context of nursing education in South Africa
Chandramohan, S., & Bhagwan, R. (2015) · Curationis · doi:10.4102/curationis.v38i2.1481 · Cited by 6
Pilger, C., de Macedo, J. Q., Zanelatto, R., Soares, L. G., & Kusumota, L. (2014) · Ciência Cuidado e Saúde · doi:10.4025/cienccuidsaude.v13i3.19788 · Cited by 6
“Quando eu mexo em um paciente que esta inconsciente, é de imediato na minha cabeça a imagem de Deus, e como o paciente não fala eu começo a pensar ‘Deus cura essa pessoa, faz esse milagre, faz ele melhorar’, não tem como você olhar o paciente na situação que se encontra e não pedir pra alguém superior lá em cima que o…”
BackgroundInfluentialAmadi, K. U., Uwakwe, R., Aguocha, C., Ezeme, M. S., Muomah, R. C., Ndukuba, A. C., & Odinka, P. C. (2016) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2016.1201055 · Cited by 6
“Therefore adjustments in lifestyle and behaviour which could be religious or non-religious (Gordon et al., 2002; Koenig, 2009) are essential for achieving a good treatment outcome, including fewer suicides.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialZhang, J., Zhao, S., & Liu, J. (2017) · International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.4172/2469-9837.1000200 · Cited by 6
“Second, we found that being religious is associated with certain aspects mental health and social behavior, such as self-esteem and social support [7,27,28].”
BackgroundAssociation between Religion and Health in China: Using Propensity Score Matching Method
Zhang, J. H., Zhang, H. S., Liu, C., Jiang, X., Zhang, H., & Iwaloye, O. O. (2020) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel11010037 · Cited by 6
“There has been a large volume of studies exploring the relationship between religion and health in multiple dimensions (George et al. 2002; Koenig 1998, 2009, 2012, 2015; Miller and Thoresen 2003; Demir 2019).”
BackgroundStuke, H., Heinz, A., & Bermpohl, F. (2020) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-020-00477-3 · Cited by 5
“…to suicide rates in previous research according to an extensive literature search, as covariates into our analysis (Andres, 2005; Breuer, 2015; Koenig, 2009; Milner, McClure, & De Leo, 2012; Neeleman et al., 1997; Neumayer, 2003; Noh, 2009; Rehkopf & Buka, 2006; Stavrova, Schlösser, &…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSpiritual Practices for Caregivers and Care Receivers
Collins, W. L., & Bowland, S. (2012) · Journal of Religion Spirituality & Aging · doi:10.1080/15528030.2012.648585 · Cited by 7
“The scope of this article only permits a brief overview of spirituality research, but for the purposes of this article spirituality is defined as the capacity and tendency present in human beings to find and construct meaning about life and existence that includes connectedness, harmony, meaning, purpose, transcendenc…”
BackgroundInfluentialLópez, E., Anchía, R. J., & MacDonald, D. A. (2017) · International Journal of Transpersonal Studies · doi:10.24972/ijts.2017.36.1.110 · Cited by 6
Relationships between estimated autozygosity and complex traits in the UK BiobankPreprint
Johnson, E. C., Evans, L. M., & Keller, M. C. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/291872 · Cited by 6
Work with People in Mental Distress Who Access Spirituality/Religion
Smith, S. J., & Read, J. (2024) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcae147 · Cited by 5
Erfani, N., Zarrinabadi, Z., Isfandyari‐Moghaddam, A., & Soltani, M. A. T. (2018) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_78_17 · Cited by 5
“[1] Spirituality refers to many positive outcomes in life, including more physical health, the health self‐concept, and less mood disorders.[2] Gardner introduced the concept of spirituality as an intelligence in his Multiple Intelligence Theory in 1983.”
BackgroundAskari, A. S., & Doolittle, B. R. (2022) · Theology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13558358.2022.2089541 · Cited by 6
Salzer, C., Samoilă, L., Moshkenani, H. M., & Samoilă, O. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1096215 · Cited by 6
“Religion involves beliefs, practices, and rituals related to the sacred (God, deity, angels, ultimate truth) (Koenig, 2009) which are organized and practiced in a community.”
BackgroundA Study of Religiosity in Relation to Spirituality and Anxiety
Khan, S. A., & Farooqi, F. S. (2014) · Cited by 5
Spirituality and Religion: Neglected Factors in Preventing Veteran Suicide?
Amato, J. J., Kayman, D. J., Lombardo, M., & Goldstein, M. F. (2016) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-016-0747-8 · Cited by 5
Religious Communities, Health, and Well-Being – Address to the US Air Force Chaplain
VanderWeele, T. J. (2018) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usx206 · Cited by 5
“Religion and spirituality are one of the two most important factors for patients in medical decision-making but do not play much of a role in decision-making for most physicians.(43) How can such complexities be navigated? Some have suggested that taking a short four-question spiritual history may be appropriate in th…”
BackgroundWang, J., Häusermann, M., & Ambresin, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00361 · Cited by 8
RELIGIÃO E ESPIRITUALIDADE NO CAMPO DA SAÚDE: QUESTÕES PARA A EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR
Holanda, A. F., & Pereira, K. C. L. (2020) · PARALELLUS Revista de Estudos de Religião - UNICAP · doi:10.25247/paralellus.2020.v11n28.p619-640 · Cited by 5
“1 INTRODUÇÃO Nos últimos 30 anos, a literatura científica na área da saúde tem recebido uma profusão de estudos sobre o eixo religião, espiritualidade e saúde (CURCIO; MOREIRA-ALMEIDA, 2019, p. 281; ESPERANDIO et al., 2019, p. 268; KOENIG, 2009, p. 283).”
BackgroundKrauss, S. W., & Silver, C. F. (2021) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2021.1965972 · Cited by 5
Posttraumatic Growth and Impacting Factors in Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia
Özateş, M. E., ÖZPOLAT, A. G. Y., & Göğüş, A. K. (2022) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2021.2013378 · Cited by 5
“Religiosity also aids psychological integration in challenging conditions, facilitates acceptance, and reduces the need for self-control and isolation (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000; Koenig, 2009).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Koenig, H. G.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Koenig, Harold G
- ORCID
- Koenig, Harold G
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 283-291
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W181914314
- Cited by
- 1,442
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 122 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 8.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Center for Spirituality, Theology and Health, Duke University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
- Keywords
- religion, spirituality, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, psychosis, substance abuse, stress coping, religious beliefs and practices, neurosis, psychotic delusions
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Alcoholism, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Culture, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Mental Health, Prognosis, Psychotic Disorders, Religion and Psychology, Suicide, Substance-Related Disorders, Spirituality
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