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Research on Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Religious and spiritual factors are increasingly being examined in psychiatric research. Religious beliefs and practices have long been linked to hysteria, neurosis, and psychotic delusions. However, recent studies have identified another side of religion that may serve as a psychological and social resource for coping with stress. After defining the terms religion and spirituality, this paper reviews research on the relation between religion and (or) spirituality, and mental health, focusing on depression, suicide, anxiety, psychosis, and substance abuse. The results of an earlier systematic review are discussed, and more recent studies in the United States, Canada, Europe, and other countries are described. While religious beliefs and practices can represent powerful sources of comfort, hope, and meaning, they are often intricately entangled with neurotic and psychotic disorders, sometimes making it difficult to determine whether they are a resource or a liability.
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“Spirituality serves to comfort people, assuage anxiety, and increase feelings of security, also boosting confidence in oneself and/or in what Harold G. Koenig (2009) calls “Divine beings”.”
From Trauma, Spirituality, and Healing: A Journey through the Lens of an Incarcerated Person (2022) · cites this paper as Koenig (2009)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In extant literature, spirituality is shown to predict psychological well-being for adults who have experienced childhood trauma (Balgobin 2021), leading to less depression, suicide, anxiety, and substance abuse (Koenig 2009).”
From Trauma, Spirituality, and Healing: A Journey through the Lens of an Incarcerated Person (2022) · cites this paper as Koenig 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The research literature on religiosity and mental health offers two entangled empirical narratives: some studies suggest that religious beliefs can present a psychological buffer against stress and hopelessness; other studies, however, indicate an intricate link between religious beliefs and psychotic and neurotic disorders [54–56].”
From Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
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“As we see through Joseph's experience, Koenig (2009) shows that the struggles that arise from negative spiritual coping can significantly increase anxiety, wherein people feel that God is punishing them, has abandoned them, or is not able to intercede on their behalf.”
From Trauma, Spirituality, and Healing: A Journey through the Lens of an Incarcerated Person (2022) · cites this paper as Koenig (2009)
In the citing paper
“Also, religion and spirituality seem to confer resilience 112, 113.”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“Thus, religious beliefs may provide a sense of meaning and purpose during difficult life circumstances 112.”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“One of them is that religion and spirituality may stimulate a sense of life purpose 112, 115”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [112]
In the citing paper
“Some authors33,34 attribute this finding to the influence of psychological theories, such as Sigmund Freud's35 psychoanalysis, which is known to have pathologized religious behavior.”
From How psychiatrists think about religious and spiritual beliefs in clinical practice: findings from a university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Religion/spirituality has been associated, for example, with lower rates of suicide, depression, anxiety, and substance misuse, better recovery in cases of depression and greater overall well-being.1–4”
From A preliminary survey on the religious profile of Brazilian psychiatrists and their approach to patients' religiosity in clinical practice (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
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Abu‐El‐Noor, M. K., & Abu-El-Noor, N. I. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36811-1_68 · Cited by 5
role of religious coping in quality of life among people with chronic disease
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Wilkinson, D. (2022) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2021.2019206 · Cited by 7
“Religion has been associated with psychological and social resources, for example, support communities (Weber & Pargament, 2014) when coping with stress or associated conditions (Koenig, 2009) and resilience building (Foster et al., 2015; Yip, 2007).”
BackgroundWillman, T., Douce, T. B., & Bedi, R. P. (2022) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1177/00846724221141738 · Cited by 5
“Although prior research had not specifically compared the spirituality of counselors and psychologists or its relationship to incorporating R/S into sessions, we believed that it would behave similarly to religiosity, given the close relationship of the two constructs (Koenig, 2009).”
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Elzamzamy, K. (2022) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004459410_010 · Cited by 5
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Čepulienė, A. A., & Skruibis, P. (2023) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2023.2183676 · Cited by 6
“…coping with different life events (Paul Victor & Treschuk, 2020), such as physical illnesses (Koenig, 2015), mental health issues (Kao et al., 2020; Koenig, 2009), psychological traumas (Milstein, 2019), grief (Park & Halifax, 2021) and traumatic grief, such as grief after a child’s death…”
BackgroundResultReligion and Health in a COVID-19 Context : Experiences from Zimbabwe
Manyonganise, M., Chimininge, V., Sande, N., Makamure, C., Zvingowanisei, S., Tsara, L., Masvotore, P., Nyoni, B., Matutu, T., Gudhlanga, E. S., et al. (2023) · Bible in Africa studies · doi:10.20378/irb-58422 · Cited by 6
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Adesina, O. S. (2023) · International Journal of Emerging Multidisciplinaries Social Science · doi:10.54938/ijemdss.2023.02.1.216 · Cited by 5
“To Koenig (2009), religion comprises beliefs, practices and rituals that are related to the sacred, to God, to the mystical or the supernatural, while to Metuh (1992:11), religion is an institutionalized system of signs, doctrines, principles, and customs centred on the interactions between men in…”
BackgroundKošanski, T., & Neuberg, M. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12070725 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, higher levels of spirituality have been associated with fewer depressive disorders [38], which are common in palliative care patients [39], indicating the importance of supporting patients to engage in spiritual practices.”
BackgroundAntičević, V., Stipčić, A., & Kalcina, L. L. (2024) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep14030179 · Cited by 5
Ethical Concerns of Depression among Youths: A Socio-Religious Implication in Contemporary Nigeria
Ogunbiyi, D. O., Adeyemo, A. A., & Olajugbagbe, O. M. (2025) · African Journal of Religious and Theological Studies · doi:10.62154/ajrts.2025.03.010687 · Cited by 10
“Even while religion can help prevent sadness (Nelson, et al, 2009), one in five Americans will suffer from depression at some point in their lives (Koenig, 2009).”
Valenzuela, E., & Odgers, O. (2014) · Revista Culturales · Cited by 5
Birth practices of Nigerian women: A literature review
Dike, P. (2013) · African Journal of Midwifery and Women s Health · doi:10.12968/ajmw.2013.7.1.39 · Cited by 5
Chaplaincy and Spiritual Care Services: The Case for Muslim Patients
Abu-Ras, W. M. (2011) · Cited by 5
Putting Cultural Competence All Together: Some Considerations in Caring for Muslim Patients
Rassool, G. H. (2014) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-35841-7_17 · Cited by 5
Berc, G., Kokorić, S. B., & Dučkić, A. (2017) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2017.1322931 · Cited by 5
“Implications of religiosity at a personal, familial, and wider social level are an important topic of numerous contemporary research and review papers (Davison & Jhangri, 2010; Dučkić, 2012; Koenig, 2009; Lim & Putnam, 2010; Mrdjenovich, 2009).”
BackgroundChiddarwar, S., & Singh, D. (2016) · Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare · doi:10.18410/jebmh/2016/191 · Cited by 5
Ramadas, E., & Simões, S. C. C. (2019) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12205 · Cited by 5
Rajabloo, M., Gharehsoflou, S., Mamashli, L., Hojjati, H., & Pour, N. H. (2019) · Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care · doi:10.5812/jjcdc.90676 · Cited by 5
“The prayer secretes cortisol hormones, epinephrine, and norepinephrine from the adrenal gland in response to the stress (17).”
BackgroundReligiosidade e Funcionamento Mental em Idosos Portugueses: Uma Perspetiva Sociopsicológica
Margaça, C., & Rodrigues, D. A. (2021) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/0102.3772e37219 · Cited by 7
Postnatal Depression in Malaysia: Perspectives of Stakeholder on Awareness Medium
Alimuddin, A. S., Daud, T. I. M., Silim, U. A., Balwi, M. A. W. F. M., Zainuddin, A. A., Midin, M., & ZAKARIA, R. H. (2021) · IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia · doi:10.31436/imjm.v20i2.1696 · Cited by 5
Kira, I. A., Özcan, N. A., Kucharska, J., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Kanaan, A., & Bujold-Bugeaud, M. (2021) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2021.1212119 · Cited by 6
“The research provides evidence on the negative association of spirituality and psychopathology (e.g., Koenig, 2009).”
BackgroundUrgensi Pengembangan Konseling Spiritual Bagi Pecandu Narkoba Untuk Mereduksi Thanatophobia
Zatrahadi, M. F., Suhaili, N., Ifdil, I., Marjohan, M., & Afdal, A. (2022) · JRTI (Jurnal Riset Tindakan Indonesia) · doi:10.29210/30031270000 · Cited by 5
The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Mental Health
GHADIRIAN, A. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57296-9_118 · Cited by 6
Hubungan antara Hafazan al-Quran dan Kualiti Hidup Pelajar Tahfiz di Selangor, Malaysia
Rahman, S. A., Ishak, I., Warif, N. M. A., Ibrahim, F. W., Din, N. C., Harun, D., Ghazali, A. R., & MOHAMED, S. (2019) · Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia · doi:10.17576/jskm-2019-01 · Cited by 5
Lee, K., & Jeong, G.-C. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13070580 · Cited by 5
Religiosity, physical and functional health in older people in Chile
Fernández, M. B. (2022) · Colombia medica · doi:10.25100/cm.v53i2.4846 · Cited by 5
Lynn, C. D., Paris, J. J., Frye, C. A., & Schell, L. M. (2015) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/15685373-12342152 · Cited by 5
“Because of links between religiosity and health (e.g., Uchino, 2006; Koenig, 2009; Ellison and Hummer, 2010), this study is important for understanding how religious-commitment signaling mechanisms and stress may be moderated by socially desirable responding.”
BackgroundYousuf, R. M., Fauzi, A., Akter, S., Azarisman, S., & Marzuki, O. (2010) · Ibrahim Medical College Journal · doi:10.3329/imcj.v4i1.5927 · Cited by 5
Holistic Care: Are You Recognizing a Need for Spiritual Care?
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An ethanolic extract of Desmodium adscendens exhibits antipsychotic-like activity in mice
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김진이 (2016) · Korean Journal of Family Social Work · doi:10.16975/kjfsw.2016..54.002 · Cited by 5
PSYCHOMETRIC QUALITY OF PORTUGUESE MEASURES OF SPIRITUALITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
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Tenorio, A. C., Johnson, C., & Grudier, S. (2020) · Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care · doi:10.1080/15524256.2020.1830922 · Cited by 5
“Palliative care chaplains (PCCs) assist the PCT by helping people cope religiously and spiritually when dealing with the stress of pain, chronic medical conditions, mental or emotional problems (Koenig, 2009).”
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Foye, H. (2020) · Anthropology and Medicine · doi:10.1080/13648470.2020.1833683 · Cited by 5
Markosian, C., Khachadourian, V., & Kennedy, C. A. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01996-5 · Cited by 5
“Religious involvement tends to be a positive coping mechanism against stress and is typically associated with less anxiety, depression, suicide, and substance abuse [21].”
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karani, Z. M., Elahi, T., & Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2014) · International behavioral sciences/International journal of behavioral sciences · Cited by 5
Miller, M. M., & Sheppard, N. V. N. (2014) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2014.957605 · Cited by 5
Nolan, J. A., Whetten, K., & Koenig, H. G. (2011) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pm.42.3.c · Cited by 5
“For example, symptoms of depression may present themselves differently to an African American living in the United States compared to an Indonesian person living in Indonesia [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHomosexualität als Risikofaktor für Depression und Suizidalität bei Männern
Plöderl, M., Kralovec, K., Fartacek, C., & Fartacek, R. R. (2009) · Blickpunkt der Mann · Cited by 5
Muslim Women’s Entrepreneurship in Conflict Zones: Religiosity, Culture, and Gender Egalitarianism
Althalathini, D., Al‐Dajani, H., & Apostolopou, N. (2020) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2020.13878abstract · Cited by 5
“Religion and spirituality are important coping resources in time of stress (Koenig 2009) and this is particularly relevant within contexts of conflict in failed states.”
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Igwesi-Chidobe, C. N., Nkhata, L. A., & Ozumba, B. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2024.1442789 · Cited by 5
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“According to data from a 2009 study, 41% of people reported visiting these sites once a year or more (Çarko˘glu and Kalaycıo˘glu 2009, p. 28).”
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Malviya, S., & Greenham, J. (2025) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-024-02214-1 · Cited by 5
“Spiritual care has long been acknowledged as integral to mental health (Koenig, 2009; WHO, 2022), but challenges persist in determining which professional group should take the lead.”
Lin, X., Ramsay, J. E., & Barlas, J. (2025) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2487061 · Cited by 6
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Sandy, P. T., & Mgutshini, T. (2012) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000127 · Cited by 4
“Some of these practices, which include church attendance and personal devotion, provide some social structures that may prevent humans from engaging in self-destructive behaviours, such as drug and alcohol abuse [41].”
BackgroundTargeted Intervention in Education and the Empowerment and Emotional Well-being of Black Boys
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Boxer, A., & Gill, P. R. (2021) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883211049021 · Cited by 5
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He, M., Lu, J., Chen, J. H., & Tong, K. K. (2023) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-09-2022-0125 · Cited by 7
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Park, J.-Y., Galbadage, T., Lee, H., Wang, D., & Peterson, B. M. (2023) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2023.2202382 · Cited by 4
“Religious beliefs provide a sense of purpose for those that believe in a God and help provide an understanding of role and purpose (Koenig, 2009).”
BackgroundHonoré, F., Lestienne, L., Vieux, M., Bislimi, K., Chalancon, B., & Leaune, É. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2355250 · Cited by 8
“…role of spirituality has been examined in numerous health-related areas, including grief (Falzarano et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2022), mental health (Koenig, 2009), healthcare (Pesut et al., 2008) or palliative care (Evangelista et al., 2016), showing that spirituality can provide comfort, hope and…”
Joshanloo, M. (2024) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909241262209 · Cited by 6
“Literature reviews and meta-analyses suggest a robust positive relationship between religiosity and mental well-being and the absence of mental distress (e.g., Hackney & Sanders, 2003; Koenig, 2009).”
BackgroundFord, K., Denend, J. V., DeViva, J. C., Cooke, J. D., & Klee, A. S. (2024) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-024-02065-w · Cited by 4
“There is a growing interest in the ways in which religion and spirituality (R/S) impact mental health (Balboni et al., 2022; Koenig, 2009; Weber & Pargament, 2014) and how spiritual care can be integrated into mental health treatment settings (Gangi, 2014; Nieuwsma et al., 2014; Reist Gibbel et…”
Kent, B. V., Upenieks, L., Jang, D. Y., Ellison, C. G., & Wright, B. R. E. (2024) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12934 · Cited by 6
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Gedecho, E. K., Kim, S., & Wondirad, A. N. (2024) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2672 · Cited by 4
Calia, C., El-Gayar, A., Zuntz, A.-C., Abdullateef, S., Almashhor, E., Grant, L., & Boden, L. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22040549 · Cited by 6
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Roberts, P., Du, Y. N., & Xu, Q. (2017) · Alternative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1089/act.2016.29093.per · Cited by 4
Skalski, L. M., Martin, B., & Meade, C. S. (2019) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-019-00791-0 · Cited by 4
“2006b; Koenig 2009).”
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Bragazzi, N. L., Ballico, L., & Puente, G. D. (2019) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel10050316 · Cited by 4
“However, some recent studies have failed to replicate such findings (Joshi et al. 2008; Koenig 2009; Weber and Pargament 2014), therefore warranting further research.”
ResultSuriyeli Mültecilerin Kullandıkları Başa Çıkma Yöntemleri ile Dindarlıkları Arasındaki İlişki
Ulu, M., & Çelik, H. (2019) · Bilimname · doi:10.28949/bilimname.646577 · Cited by 4
The Psychology of Religious Rituals and Practices
Yaden, D. B. (2020) · Religion, spirituality and health: a social scientific approach · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27953-0_2 · Cited by 5
Bienestar espiritual en el ámbito hospitalario: aportes para la humanización en salud
Ramírez, O. J. G., Henao-Castaño, Á. M., Fuentes-Ramírez, A., Heredia, L. P. D., & Molano-Pirazán, M. L. (2018) · Revista latinoamericana de bioética · doi:10.18359/rlbi.3627 · Cited by 4
“…de las enfermeras hacia la atención espiritual, lo que permite mejorar su compromiso profesional y la capacidad de prestar cuidados congruentes con los propósitos de la humanización de los servicios de salud (Chiang, Lee, Chu, Han & Hsiao, 2016; Koening, 2009), lo cual se refleja en el nivel de BE.”
BackgroundReligiosity and health among Chinese older adults: a meta-analytic review
Li, J., & Wang, Q. (2020) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x20000835 · Cited by 5
Silva, J. P. D., Pereira, A., & Monteiro, S. O. M. (2020) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.37708/psyct.v13i2.473 · Cited by 4
“To many it is widely accepted that spirituality is transversal to religiosity and that there is a conceptual dependence between the two constructs (Koenig, 2009; Oman, 2015; Pargament, 2013).”
BackgroundThe relationship of self-stigma of depression to evangelical beliefs and religious practices
Pace, A. C., & McGuire, J. M. (2020) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2020.1823348 · Cited by 4
Emotional Intelligence and Spirituality: A Review
Sodhi, R. (2016) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/0401.148 · Cited by 4
“Koenig (2009) reviewed earlier studies which explored the association between religion/spirituality, and mental health, focusing on depression, suicide, anxiety, psychosis, and substance abuse and concluded that religious beliefs and practices can represent powerful sources of comfort, hope, and…”
The phenomenon of burnout among medical students - literature review
Nowińska, M., Kozyra, M., Raczkiewicz, P., Kaczerska, M., Śmiech, N., & Milanowska, J. (2021) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/35053 · Cited by 4
Psychedelics for Alzheimer's Disease Palliative Care
McManus, K. R., Patrick, R. E., Striepe, M. I., Drury, M. J., Ozonsi, R., Forester, B. P., & Weinberg, M. S. (2022) · Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health · doi:10.1016/j.ypsc.2022.06.001 · Cited by 4
Saraei, M., & Johnson, K. A. (2023) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel14010074 · Cited by 4
Berghmans, C. (2023) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2023.04.002 · Cited by 5
The Kāffah of Islamic Scale: Development and Validation
Amalia, I., Syahid, A., Lutfi, I., & Syahputra, W. I. (2023) · Tazkiya Journal of Psychology · doi:10.15408/tazkiya.v11i1.30770 · Cited by 7
The influence of spirituality in the workplace on the satisfaction of private sector employees
Albuquerque, M. R. B., Oriol, E. D. C., Gomes, M. B., & Junior, L. P. P. (2023) · Revista de Gestão e Secretariado (Management and Administrative Professional Review) · doi:10.7769/gesec.v14i6.2381 · Cited by 4
“10412 Spirituality can be seen as something intimate, more personal, something that people define for themselves and that is in essence free from laws, ordinances, guilt, and associated responsibilities [Gupta et al., 2014, Koenig, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialSpirituality, religiosity, stress, working from home and gender amidst the COVID-19 pandemic
Apergis, E., Markoulakis, A., & Apergis, I. (2023) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-12-2022-0900 · Cited by 5
RELIGION, SPIRITUALITY, AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG SCIENTISTS DURING THE PANDEMIC: A FOUR‐COUNTRY STUDY
Di, D., Cranney, S., Vaidyanathan, B., & Fitzgerald, C. (2023) · Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science · doi:10.1111/zygo.12912 · Cited by 2
“…well-being (Strawbridge et al. 2001; Bartkowski, Acevedo, and Van Loggerenberg 2017; Jung 2020; Speed and Lamont 2021; Kaushal et al. 2022); and (3) should scholars treat R/S as similar or separate concepts in their analysis of R/S and well-being (Emmons 2005; Park 2005; Koenig 2009; Lake 2012)?”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAmerongen-Meeuse, J. C. V. N., Ouwehand, E., de Graaf, N., van Parijs, L., Schaap‐Jonker, H., Braam, A. W., Verhagen, P. J., Rosmarin, D. H., & van den Brink, B. (2024) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel15030253 · Cited by 4
“Religion can, in some cases, be harmful to or painful for patients (Parga-ment and Lomax 2013) and religious struggles may impede recovery processes (Koenig 2009).”
BackgroundA Quantitative Assessment of Spirituality in Police Officers and the Relationship to Police Stress
Ursitti, A. M. (2011) · Digital Commons - Olivet Distinctive Heritage, Scholarship, & Creativity (Olivet Nazarene University) · Cited by 4
Necula, R. M., Damian, S. I., Caras, A., Sandu, A. S., & Vicol, M. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.727 · Cited by 4
“The involvement in religious activities is associated with a lower rate of cardiovascular diseases of the participants, with a higher life expectancy and a lower mortality rate, with a slowdown of the cognitive degradation, caused by aging or by Alzheimer (Koenig, 2009).”
BackgroundAn Evidence-based Review on Religiosity in Psychiatry
Bonelli, R. M. (2017) · Journal of Neurology & Stroke · doi:10.15406/jnsk.2017.07.00231 · Cited by 4
“This began a deep divide that would separate religion from mental health care for the next century [1].”
BackgroundReligiosity and Psychological Resilience in Psychiatric Patients: An Overview
Bonelli, R. M. (2017) · Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.15406/jpcpy.2017.08.00487 · Cited by 4
“This began a deep divide that would separate religion from mental health care for the next century [1].”
Positive Mental Health from the perspective of Iranian society: A qualitative study
Mirabzadeh, A., Eftekhari, M. B., Falahat, K., Sajjadi, H., Vameghi, M., & Harouni, G. G. (2018) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.13394.1 · Cited by 4
Community Chaplaincy Listening in a Community Mental Health Group
Gibbon, A., & Baldie, D. (2019) · Health and Social Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1558/hscc.35116 · Cited by 4
Perceived Stress, Geopathic Stress and Spirituality of Male Prison Inmates
Convocar, J. L., Billones, V., & Supiter, N. (2020) · JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.29245/2578-2959/2020/2.1200 · Cited by 4
[Chinese traditional cultural belief of medical students and its relationship with depression].
Xiao, R., & Yu, X. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.08.16 · Cited by 4
Measures of Spirituality/Religiosity (2018)
Büssing, A. (2019) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03897-933-3 · Cited by 4
Hune, N. D., & Kimball, T. G. (2021) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07347324.2021.1891846 · Cited by 4
“More specifically, faith communities can serve as a protective factor in suicide prevention (Koenig, 2009).”
BackgroundFellinger, J., Bertelli, M. O., Lassi, S., & Gaventa, B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95720-3_40 · Cited by 4
Examining Perceived Life Stress Factors among Intercollegiate Athletes: A Holistic Perspective
Huffman, L. T. (2014) · Cited by 4
Personality systems, spirituality, and existential well-being: A person-centered perspective.
Czekóová, K., Shaw, D. J., & Urbánek, T. (2016) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/rel0000109 · Cited by 4
“…recent studies, however; King et al. (2013), for instance, provide evidence that spirituality without a religious framework constitutes a risk factor for mental disorders, such as neurotic disorder or major depression (Leurent et al., 2013; see also Koenig, 2009; Koenig, King, & Carson, 2012).”
BackgroundÖztürk, O., Celik, A. M., & Uyar, E. I. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 4
Supporting Escapees and Migrants: Understanding the Role of Resilience Resources
Liebenberg, L., & Pelley, E. (2019) · Studien zur Resilienzforschung · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-27926-4_3 · Cited by 4
Jakubowska, K., Chruściel, P., Jurek, K., Machul, M., Kościołek, A., & Dobrowolska, B. B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105049 · Cited by 4
“Religious beliefs encompass an important aspect of human activity in the context of respect for one’s life and health [1,2].”
BackgroundPractical wisdom as executive virtue for positive psychology : a pastoral-theological evaluation
Ferreira, J. L. (2010) · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Koenig, H. G.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Koenig, Harold G
- ORCID
- Koenig, Harold G
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 283-291
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W181914314
- Cited by
- 1,442
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 122 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 76
- FWCI
- 8.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Center for Spirituality, Theology and Health, Duke University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion and Society Interactions
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
- Keywords
- religion, spirituality, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, psychosis, substance abuse, stress coping, religious beliefs and practices, neurosis, psychotic delusions
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Alcoholism, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Culture, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Mental Health, Prognosis, Psychotic Disorders, Religion and Psychology, Suicide, Substance-Related Disorders, Spirituality
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