Cited by 918Mental Health Treatment and AccessHealth Literacy and Information AccessibilityMental Health and Patient Involvement

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Mental Health Literacy: Past, Present, and Future

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Kutcher, Stan, Wei, Yifeng, Coniglio, Connie·2016·The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1177/0706743715616609PMC PMC4813415

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Nutbeam, D. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.050 · Cited by 2,944
“Mental health literacy”: a survey of the public's ability to recognise mental disorders and their beliefs about the effectiveness of treatment
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Mental health literacy: empowering the community to take action for better mental health
Jorm, A. F. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0025957 · Cited by 1,783 · cited 1×
“The importance of MHL in helping to improve health outcomes for people and populations has been recognized, and some positive initial interventions directed at this goal have been applied.(16,19,26) Given the situation as it currently stands, numerous future directions for the further development and deployment of MHL…”
Background
Evidence on the Chronic Care Model in the new millennium
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“…a more balanced conceptualization of knowledge and skills that both promote mental health, and protect against the development of mental disorders, while also providing skills to support others dealing with mental health problems (Hart et al., 2023; Jorm et al., 1997, 2012; Kutcher et al., 2016).”
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“…in the present study suggest that a movement toward valuing youth work requires knowledge of resources available and system navigation (e.g., “…we are actually the hub” [Participant 04]), an essential feature within current conceptualizations of mental health literacy (Kutcher et al., 2016).”
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Malawi Educators Assessment of Student Mental Health Outcomes
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Acceptability and Feasibility of the ProLiSMental Psychoeducational Intervention to Promote Adolescents’ Mental Health Literacy on Anxiety in a School Context
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“The contents are in line with the health literacy concept (Nutbeam, 2000, 2008; Sørensen et al., 2012), the components of MHL (Jorm, 2012; Kutcher et al., 2016), and the positive MHL concept (Bjørnsen et al., 2017), ensuring access, understanding, and use of mental health information on anxiety…”
Background
Bridging Disciplines: Integrating Mental Health and Education to Promote Immigrant Student Wellbeing
Pejic, V., Russo, K., Milord-LeBlanc, R., Parr, K. M., Whitcomb, S. A., & Hess, R. S. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091254 · Cited by 9
“This term refers to the knowledge and skills needed to understand, manage, and seek help for mental health concerns, including the ability to recognize signs of distress and know when and how to access support (Kutcher et al., 2016).”
A longitudinal quasi-experimental study of a pedagogical approach to supporting undergraduate well-being and mental health: digital interdisciplinary accredited elective mental health literacy university course
Duffy, A. C., King, N., Rivera, D., Pankow, K., Cunningham, S., Tetzlaff, E., Kyone, K., Dephoure, E., Lyon, A. G., Robinson, L. J., et al. (2026) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10960 · Cited by 6
The Psychology of Golf Performance under Pressure
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Internet Gaming Disorder and Mental Health Literacy: A Latent Profile Analysis of Korean Adolescents
Yoon, J., Chun, J., & Bhang, S. (2024) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0303 · Cited by 4
Factors associated with mental health literacy and demand for mental health services among older adults in China: a cross-sectional study
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“The binary logistic regression result indicated that participation in community-based activities was associated with MHL. MHL is a construct that has arisen from the domain of health literacy [67], and their relationship is positively correlated [68].”
Application of the “hospital-school-home-community” integrated mental health service model for primary and secondary school students in Chongqing, China
Hong, S., Zhang, Q., Wei, Y., Ai, M., Wang, W., Chen, J., Xu, X., Li, X., Greenshaw, A. J., & Kuang, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1554939 · Cited by 4
“We adopted the mental health literacy (MHL) approach (27) as the intervention strategy to build a shared language among all related stakeholders, ensuring consistent attention to student mental health in the education, community/ families and health care settings.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
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“School-wide MHIs reach more students with broader content, ideally over longer periods of time (Kutcher et al., 2016; O’Reilly et al., 2018; Yamaguchi et al., 2020).”
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“Research on MHL, both domestically and internationally, has primarily focused on recognizing mental illnesses, enhancing mental health knowledge, addressing stigmatizing attitudes, and encouraging help-seeking behaviors (25–27).”
Background
Teachers’ experiences of school-based mental health literacy programmes: a qualitative study of Tackling the Blues
Wilcock, R., Monro, A., Smith, A. W., & O’Keeffe, H. (2025) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131911.2025.2459900 · Cited by 7
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“…increase students ’ knowledge about MHI and help-seeking behaviors (Brijnath et al., 2016; Morgan et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2018), there is a need for more theory-driven approaches to prevention efforts via MHL programming (Jorm, 2012; Kutcher et al., 2016; Spiker & Hammer, 2019; Wei et al., 2017).”
Background
Mental Health Literacy Regarding Depression and Suicide
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“MHL now also includes how to obtain a positive mental health; how to decrease stigma related to mental health problems; and how to enhance help-seeking ef ﬁ cacy (19).”
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Depression Literacy in Parents of Adolescents in Ireland: Exploring Associations with Gender, Age of Adolescent, and Empathy
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“More recent operationalisations of the concept have incorporated knowledge of mental health (as distinct to mental disorders) and help-seeking (Kutcher et al., 2016).”
Cultural perceptions and social determinants of health in perinatal mental health: An obstetric‐psychiatric perspective
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“17 It has been shown that during the perinatal period only 6.3% of women seek help, owing to the lack of knowledge about perinatal mental health.”
Influential
Development, and pilot study of a single-session ‘Intervention for Caregiver Affiliate stigma REduction’ (i-CARE) in a tertiary care specialty psychiatry setting in North India for severe mental illnesses
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Can Sri Lankan Australians Recognise Depression? The Influence of Acculturation, Age and Experiences with Depression on Recognition
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“Lastly, despite MHL’s established utility as a structure for understanding factors that influence individuals’ mental health help-seeking [48,49], many concerns exist regarding the concept’s ecological validity [20], vignette-based methodology [50], focus on individual diagnosis [48] and lack of acknowledgment of pote…”
Background
Health Literacy and Serious or Persistent Mental Illness: A Mixed Methods Study
McLean, A., Goodridge, D. M., Stempien, J., Harder, D., & Osgood, N. D. (2023) · HLRP Health Literacy Research and Practice · doi:10.3928/24748307-20221215-01 · Cited by 3
“Adequate levels of HL are now viewed as fundamental for increasing engagement, improving health outcomes, reducing health inequities, strengthening health systems, and developing effective health policy (Kutcher et al., 2016; Sørensen et al., 2012; WHO, 2013).”
Background
Support needs and experiences of young people living in families with mental illness
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Measurement and Design in Surveys of Teachers’ Mental Health Literacy: A Scoping Review
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Measuring School Staff Confidence and Worries to Deliver Mental Health Content: An Examination of the Psychometric Properties of Two Measures in a Sample of Secondary School Staff
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The 2nd Alarm Project: Bridging Social Work and Public Health to Improve Mental Wellness in the Fire Service
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Development and validation of a geriatric depression knowledge scale for older adults with depression
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Analysis of Religiosity, Trust in Leader, and Team Cohesion on Green Organizational Citizenship Behavior Mediated by Green Employee Engagement
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Construction and Validity of Chinese Translation of the Universal Mental Health Literacy Scale for Adolescents
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Canadian undergraduate students’ mental health literacy and its influence on psychological distress and help-seeking behaviour
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“Despite MHL being a rather incipient concept (Kutcher et al., 2016), it is currently being researched across the globe (Elsheshtawy et al., 2020; Gallagher & Watt, 2019; Naal et al., 2020; Pehlivan et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2023).”
Influential
Role of Teacher’s Sensitization Program for the Mental Well-Being of Students: A Study of Government School Teachers in India
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Amplifying School Mental Health Literacy Through Neuroscience Education
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“While MHL was developed from the health literacy movement [11,27], these fields have since diverged, with MHL growing separately from physical health disciplines including the field of neuroscience, which focuses largely on the biological underpinnings of mental health, cognition, and behavior.”
Mental Health Literacy of Multi-Tiered Systems of Support Team Members
Gage, N. A., Baker, C. N., Splett, J. W., & Halliday, C. A. (2024) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2024.2422077 · Cited by 3
“In the context of education, mental health literacy extends to understanding how mental health impacts learning and behavior, as well as knowing the resources available for support within the school system and the broader community (Kutcher et al., 2016).”
Male celebrities, masculinities and the promotion of mental health literacy: comparing the Anglophone and Sinophone pop culture landscape
Stahl, G., & Zhao, Y. (2024) · NORMA · doi:10.1080/18902138.2024.2439196 · Cited by 3
“For example, while a significant amount of research has explored how health institutions promote mental health literacy (Kutcher et al., 2016), the general public are often actively engaged in mental health literacy-related behaviours from browsing Web MD to what they consume on social media (Chen…”
The professional learning process of enhancing mental health literacy and its application to youth work practice: a grounded theory study
Ranahan, P., & Alsaieq, H. (2018) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415257.2018.1452783 · Cited by 3
“Given that MHL interventions require full consideration of the context and population (Kutcher et al. 2016), mental health content knowledge (e.g. symptoms of mental disorders, evidence-based treatments) was purposefully integrated with youth work perspectives (e.g. relational practice, social…”
Background
A Pilot Study Exploring Nursing Knowledge of Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Kenya
Muga, T., Mbuthia, G., Gatimu, S. M., & Rossiter, R. C. (2018) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2018.1489922 · Cited by 3
Mental Health Literacy―Do We Need Another Health Literacy Concept?
Bruland, D., & Graf, P. (2020) · Gesundheit und Gesellschaft · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-30909-1_9 · Cited by 3
Correctional Officers' Mental Health Literacy and Attitudes Toward Offenders with Mental Illness
Hebert, A. R. (2020) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.5170 · Cited by 4
Black Boys’ Perceptions of Depression and Mental Health: Findings from the YBMen Project
Williams, E. G., Casanova, A., & Watkins, D. C. (2023) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spad018 · Cited by 2
It’s Time to Bring Mental Health Literacy Education into the Postsecondary Curriculum
Zaza, C., & Yeung, R. C. (2023) · The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.5206/cjsotlrcacea.2023.1.13663 · Cited by 2
Exploring the mental health of Australian construction apprentices: a dual-continuum approach
Hutton, E. A., Skues, J., & Wise, L. Z. (2024) · Construction Innovation · doi:10.1108/ci-09-2023-0217 · Cited by 3
Challenges During Adolescence
Pandey, T. (2024) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8552-4.ch009 · Cited by 3
Toward Mental Health Literacy Education in U.S. School Communities: A National Collaborative for Research, Policy, and Practice
Slease, A., Khatib, D. A., Lawler, T. B., Collins, S., Kennedy, N., Volpitta, D., & Schofield, J. (2024) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2024.2422076 · Cited by 2
“According to Kutcher et al. (2016), MHL should be context-specific, developmentally appropriate, and integrated into existing social structures.”
Multi-Level Adaptations to Promote Implementation of School Mental Health Literacy Programs: A Synthesis and Case Study
Reaves, S., Parham, B. R., Figas, K., Chehoski, B. E., Palmer, K., & Weist, M. D. (2024) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2024.2422070 · Cited by 2
“Aligned with previous research, the importance of attending to the context of schools (Kutcher et al., 2016a) and being culturally responsive (Brown et al., 2018; Cook et al., 2019; Lyon & Bruns, 2019; Nagayama Hall et al., 2016) were important to the uptake of the model.”
Influential
The Longitudinal Implementation of a Mental Health Literacy Resource Among Grade 8 and 9 Students in a Catholic School Setting
Wei, Y., McWeeny, R., Shinkaruk, C., Baxter, A., Greenshaw, A. J., & Kutcher, S. (2024) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2024.2422075 · Cited by 5
“…4 interrelated domains to support mental health in young people: 1) understanding how to obtain and maintain good mental health; 2) understanding mental disorders and their treatments; 3) decreasing stigma against mental illness; and 4) enhancing help-seeking self-efficacy (Kutcher et al., 2016).”
Self-citation
The intersection of technology and mental health literacy in social work curriculum: implications for student well-being and professional practice
Zhang, X. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2454444 · Cited by 3
“This discrepancy may be attributed to the specific content and focus of the Wysa application, which emphasizes emotional support and symptom management rather than educational content on mental disorders (Jorm, 2015; Kutcher et al., 2016; Lui et al., 2017).”
Influential
Mental Health Literacy, Stigma, and Help-Seeking Behavior: A Study Among Teenagers in Rumuolumeni, Rivers State
Aisiku, O. A., & Imarenezor, E. P. K. (2025) · African Journal of Medicine Surgery and Public Health Research · doi:10.58578/ajmsphr.v2i2.5256 · Cited by 2
“As I know, there is nothing there for our people”: unmasking mental health literacy and help-seeking attitudes among ethnic minorities in Hong Kong
Sharif, N., Chen, W., Niu, M., & Cheng, Z. (2025) · Journal of Asian Public Policy · doi:10.1080/17516234.2025.2514560 · Cited by 2
“It has been increasingly recognized as a significant factor in mental health help-seeking and service utilization (Iswanto & Ayubi, 2023; Jafari et al., 2021; Kutcher et al., 2016; Olyani et al., 2021; Vandan et al., 2020).”
Co-designing and evaluating the acceptability of a mental health literacy training program for graduate teaching assistants on a university campus
Bruce, E., Halladay, J. E., Pathiranawasam, S., & Munn, C. (2025) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2025.200433 · Cited by 4
Mental Health Literacy and Treatment Compliance among Clients with Mental Illness in India
Devi, S., Joseph, J., Devi, R., & Singh, B. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatry Spectrum · doi:10.4103/jopsys.jopsys_82_24 · Cited by 2
Mental Health Literacy of Primary School Teachers: A Scoping Review
Frei, J. M., Beames, J., Hudson, J. L., & Werner-Seidler, A. (2025) · School psychology review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2025.2542718 · Cited by 1
“The term mental health literacy (MHL) refers to knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about mental disorders and help-seeking, the knowledge to identify symptoms of mental health problems, and knowledge of when and where to seek help (Jorm et al., 1997; Kutcher et al., 2016).”
“We’re starting to turn the page”: navigating stigma as a women’s sport employee
Isley, R. F. (., Sveinson, K., & Melton, E. N. (2025) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1080/14413523.2025.2538287 · Cited by 2
“Supporting MHL can include deploying software to filter out abusive comments and providing Employee Assistance Programs (EAP) that are tailored to the unique challenges faced by employees in women’s sports (Kutcher et al., 2016; LaMontagne et al., 2014).”
Content validity of the Mental Health Literacy Scale for perinatal use based on expert and patient input
ElKhalil, R., Masuadi, E., Bayoumi, R. R., AlMekkawi, M., Ahmed, L. A., Al‐Rifai, R. H., & Elbarazi, I. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-17964-5 · Cited by 2
Barriers and facilitators to mental health service utilisation among refugees in Nakivale refugee settlement, Uganda: a qualitative study
Mohamed, S. M., Vivalya, B. M. N., Ibrahim, A., Araye, F. A., Ibrahim, M. A., Ronald, M., Mohamoud, M. M., Yusuf, A. A., Nono, D., Hirsi, A. M., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07396-w · Cited by 2
Mental Health Literacy and Barriers to Care among Rural Women: A Systematic Review
Verma, S., & Pandey, B. (2025) · The Journal of Behavioral Science · doi:10.69523/tjbs.2025.287148 · Cited by 6
Multilevel factors affecting mental health literacy among older adults: a qualitative study based on social ecological model
Wang, Y., Jia, S., Wang, A., Li, H., Xu, R., & He, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1656116 · Cited by 5
“As research advances, the concept of MHL has continuously evolved and improved, gradually incorporating core elements, such as skills to support others affected by mental health concerns (10), mental health promotion (11), and help-seeking efficacies (12).”
Mental Health Literacy, Anxiety, and Insomnia in Chinese Chronically Ill Older Adult‐Caregiver Dyads: Actor‐Partner Interdependence Moderation Model
Fan, X., Zheng, H., Wang, S., Tan, W., & Liao, J. (2025) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.70077 · Cited by 2
“Mental health literacy (MHL), which is closely linked to the occurrence of psychological problems, is a concept generally divided by Kutcher et al. (2016) into three dimensions: mental health knowledge (MHK), mental health attitudes (MHA), and mental health capacity (MHC).”
Youth Engagement in School Mental Health Teaming: Structure, Processes, and Outcomes of a Youth Leadership Academy to Promote Emotional Well-Being in Schools
Beason, T. S., Ladhani, Z., Robinson, P., Trainor, K. M., Russo, J. E., Bernstein, J., & Bohnenkamp, J. H. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15111563 · Cited by 2
“MHL enhances understanding of mental health problems and strategies to promote well-being, help-seeking, and stigma reduction (Kutcher et al., 2016).”
Validation of the Arabic version of the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) in three Arab samples
Abo‐Rass, F., Nakash, O., Abu‐Kaf, S., Gelaye, B., AboJabel, H., & Khatib, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0335126 · Cited by 2
A double-edged sword: Exploring associations between engagement with mental health content by social media influencers and psychological well-being
Kaňková, J., Vranken, S., & Matthes, J. (2025) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2025-5-2 · Cited by 3
Global burden of anxiety disorders in adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years from 1990 to 2021
Tang, B., Zhu, Y., Xiao, Q., & Kang, M. (2026) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2026.2614011 · Cited by 2
“…that mandatory school-based mental health literacy curricula correlate with a 25% reduction in stigma and increased help-seeking behaviours (Kutcher et al., 2016). to address service disparities, we propose strategic resource allocation and funding increases to enhance mental health…”
Recognition of mental disorders among the Singapore general population: an 8-year comparison
Shahwan, S., Tan, B. C. W., Tan, Y. B., Gunasekaran, S., Ong, W. J., Shafie, S., Poh, P., Schomerus, G., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-07784-w · Cited by 2
Psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Mental Health Literacy Scale in nursing students: a cross-sectional study
Nowicki, G., Adamczyk, O., Polak, M., Brodowicz-Król, M., Cybulski, M., Kobus, G., Marcinowicz, L., & Ślusarska, B. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1731025 · Cited by 2
Mental health literacy in elite-level coaches: Recognition and management of depression and burnout
Frost, J., Purcell, R., Rice, S. M., Tamminen, K. A., Gouttebarge, V., Adams, W. M., & Walton, C. C. (2026) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2025.2589723 · Cited by 2
“Recent definitions have expanded upon these criteria, emphasizing one’s ability to achieve positive mental health and reduce stigma around mental ill-health (Kutcher et al., 2016).”
Korean American Church Leaders as Mental Health Gatekeepers in the USA: A Needs Assessment of Readiness, Barriers, and Referrals
Yoo, N., Kang, M. Y., Kim, E. J., Lee, S. Y., Woo, J., & Kim, S. Y. (2026) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-026-02589-3 · Cited by 2
“First, the mental health literacy literature (Jorm, 2012; Kutcher et al., 2016) encompasses the knowledge and beliefs about mental health that enable recognition of disorders, help-seeking, and support for others.”
Translation, cultural adaptation, and content validity evaluation of a mental health literacy instrument in Bolivia
Basagoitia, A., Solís-Soto, M. T., Martínez, M. R., Rabanal, J. E. A., & Burrone, M. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1685333 · Cited by 2
“…instruments in Spanish that could be used in Latin-American countries, since most existing MHL instruments were developed and validated in high-income, English-speaking countries, and their direct use in LMICs raises concerns regarding conceptual equivalence and contextual relevance (8, 18).”
The MindSKILLZ sport-based mental health promotion intervention for adolescents in Kenya: a mixed methods pilot study
Lee, D. E. Z., Nyauchi, B., Kihiu, M., Kimathi, R., Okoth, E. A., Chazara, A., Barkley, C., Dallos, A., Waruinge, S., Oyaro, P., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1746268 · Cited by 3
Self-regulatory fatigue and its associated factors among nursing interns: a cross-sectional study
常巧英, Liu, X., Tan, Y., Duan, J., & Li, J. (2026) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-026-04705-w · Cited by 2

Authors: Kutcher, S., Wei, Y., & Coniglio, C.
Affiliations: Dalhousie University (CA)
BC Mental Health & Substance Use Services (CA)
Corresponding author: Kutcher, Stan
ORCID: Kutcher, Stan
Wei, Yifeng
Venue: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2016-03
Volume: 61
Issue: 3
Pages: 154-158
ISSN: 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
1497-0015
DOI: 10.1177/0706743715616609
PMC: PMC4813415
OpenAlex: W2333387201
Cited by: 918
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 143 · 2025: 152 · 2024: 151 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6
FWCI: 39.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Health Canada
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
Keywords: mental health literacy, mental illness, public understanding of mental health
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Mental Health, Health Literacy

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