A Longitudinal Study of the Temporal Relation Between Problem Gambling and Mental and Substance Use Disorders Among Young Adults
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Relatively little is known about the temporal relation between at-risk gambling or problem gambling (PG) and mental and substance use disorders (SUDs) in young adulthood. Our study aimed to examine whether past-year, at-risk, or PG is associated with incident mental disorders and SUDs (that is, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder [OCD], or alcohol dependence) and illegal drug use, and whether past-year mental disorders and SUDs and illegal drug use is associated with incident at-risk or PG. Method: Data for this longitudinal study were drawn from the Manitoba Longitudinal Study of Young Adults (MLSYA). Respondents aged 18 to 20 years in 2007 were followed prospectively for 5 years. Results: In cross-sectional analyses, at-risk or PG was associated with increased odds of depression, OCD, alcohol dependence, and illegal drug use. In longitudinal analysis at-risk or PG at cycle 1 was associated with incident major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and illegal drug use in the follow-up period. Only illegal drug use at cycle 1 was associated with incident at-risk or PG during follow-up. Conclusions: At-risk or PG was associated with more new onset mental disorders and SUDs (depression, alcohol dependence, and illegal drug use), compared with the reverse (illegal drug use was the only association with new onset at-risk or PG). Preventing at-risk or PG from developing early in adulthood may correspond with decreases in new onset mental disorders and SUDs later in adulthood.
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For gambling disorder and substance use disorders, the relationship is bi-directional, as the presence of one often predicts the onset of the other.
“For gambling disorder and substance use disorders, it appears this relationship is bi-directional, as the presence of one of either of these conditions often predicts the onset of the other (Afifi, Nicholson, Martins, & Sareen, 2016; Kessler et al., 2008).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Afifi, Nicholson, Martins, & Sareen, 2016
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“Mood-related disorders and psychological distress are well-established risk factors for problem gambling (Afifi et al., 2016; Billi et al., 2014; Churchill & Farrell, 2018; Crock-ford & el-Guebaly, 1998; Dowling et al., 2015, 2017, 2019 Dussault et al., 2011; Edgerton et al., 2018; Lorains et al.,…”
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“…research showing that alcohol is the most commonly misused substance in young adulthood (Brown et al. 2008; Sher and Rutledge 2007) and that, of the variables measured in our study, alcohol use would be expected to have a very strong association with gambling involvement (e.g., Afifi et al. 2016).”
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“Research indicates a reciprocal relationship between addiction behaviors, such as internet addiction, and mental symptoms ( Afifi et al., 2016 ).”
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Kovan, A., & Yıldırım, M. (2025) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-025-10407-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Parallel to this, psychological distress encompassing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress has consistently been linked to increased gambling severity and persistence (Afifi et al., 2016; Gooding & Tarrier, 2009; Parhami et al., 2014; Sachdeva et al., 2022; Quig-ley et al., 2015).”
McAfee, N. W., Whelan, J. P., Ginley, M. K., & Pfund, R. A. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-026-01694-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gambling and substance use co-occurrence among emerging adults: a systematic review
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Cadre Conceptuel du Jeu Préjudiciable, Troisième Édition
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Qué hay de nuevo en zanahorias
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“This includes, but is not limited to, major depression, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, hypomania, and substance use disorders [25-32].”
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“Gambling has also been shown to have later life impacts on adolescents (Afifi et al., 2016; Carbonneau et al., 2015; A. Emond et al., 2022).”
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“A longitudinal study of Canadian young adults also demonstrated that at-risk or current problem gamblers had an increased probability of drug use, alcohol dependence, and new onset of mental health disorders (Afifi et al., 2016).”
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Risk Factors Associated with Gambling in Young Adults: A Systematic Review Protocol
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“…2022; Jauregui et al., 2023; Kun et al., 2023; Marchetti et al., 2019 ; Noël et al., 2018; Topino et al., 2024 ), and low perceived social support (Afifi et al., 2016; Bickl et al., 2024; Mancini, 2025; Oei & Gordon, 2008; Petry & Weiss, 2009; Uçur & Dönmez, 2021) have each been independently…”
Risk Factors Associated with Gambling in Young Adults: A Systematic Review Protocol
Banozic, L., Matthews, A., & Flanagan, P. C. (2026) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.14344.2
Carbonneau, R., Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M. R., Boivin, M., Côté, S. M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2026) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-026-10512-4
- Authors
- Afifi, T. O., Nicholson, R., Martins, S. S., & Sareen, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Afifi, Tracie O.
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-01-26
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 102-111
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- PMC
- PMC4784242
- OpenAlex
- W2301756293
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 8.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- problem gambling, at-risk gambling, mental illness, substance use disorders, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcoholism, illicit drug use, young adults, temporal relations, incidence, gambling prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Alcoholism, Anxiety Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Gambling, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Manitoba, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Risk-Taking, Comorbidity, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
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