Prevalence, Incidence, and Persistence of Postpartum Depression, Anxiety, and Comorbidity among Chinese Immigrant and Nonimmigrant Women: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Our objectives were to examine the prevalence and incidence of postpartum depressive, anxiety, and comorbid symptoms over the first postpartum year; the persistence of these symptoms; and the prevalence stratified by immigration status. Method: We conducted a longitudinal cohort study in Ontario, Canada. Participants were 571 Chinese recent immigrant, nonrecent immigrant, and Canadian-born women with live births in 2011 to 2014. Participants were assessed at 4, 12, and 52 weeks postpartum for the presence of possible and high depressive symptomatology (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS] >9 and >12, respectively), anxiety symptomatology (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI] >40), and comorbid symptomatology (EPDS >9 and STAI >40). Prevalence and incidence with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Prevalence rates were highest at 4 weeks and decreased across time, with possible depressive symptomatology most prevalent at most time points. Incidence rates at 12 and 52 weeks were generally similar. Of those with possible symptomatology at 4 weeks, 42.0% or less continued to have symptomatology at 12 weeks and 17.4% or less at 52 weeks. There were no differences in prevalence of any type of symptomatology between immigrant and Canadian-born Chinese women at 4 weeks, but at 12 and 52 weeks, most types of symptomatology were more common among recent and nonrecent immigrants. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Chinese immigrant women are a high-risk group for postpartum depressive and anxiety symptomatology. Future research should identify cultural and psychosocial factors associated with immigration that could be addressed in the system of care for postpartum immigrant women.
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- Authors
- Dennis, C.-L., Brown, H. K., Wanigaratne, S., Fung, K., Vigod, S. N., Grigoriadis, S., Marini, F., & Brennenstuhl, S.
- Affiliations
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Dennis, Cindy-Lee
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-07-27
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 44-53
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- PMC
- PMC5788121
- OpenAlex
- W2741513950
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 3.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- postpartum depression, postpartum anxiety, comorbidities, Chinese immigrant women, immigration status, prevalence, incidence, symptom persistence, postpartum mental health, cultural factors in mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Canada, China, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hong Kong, Humans, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Comorbidity, Incidence, Prevalence, Depression, Postpartum, Asian People, Emigrants and Immigrants
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